内容
扩展/嵌入 FAQ
Can I create my own functions in C?
Can I create my own functions in C++?
Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?
How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C?
How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?
How do I extract C values from a Python object?
How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length?
How do I call an object’s method from C?
How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)?
How do I access a module written in Python from C?
How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?
I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why?
How do I debug an extension?
I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. Why?
How do I tell “incomplete input” from “invalid input”?
How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual?
Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?
Yes, you can create built-in modules containing functions, variables, exceptions and even new types in C. This is explained in the document 扩展和嵌入 Python 解释器 .
Most intermediate or advanced Python books will also cover this topic.
Yes, using the C compatibility features found in C++. Place extern "C" { ... } around the Python include files and put extern "C" before each function that is going to be called by the Python interpreter. Global or static C++ objects with constructors are probably not a good idea.
extern "C" { ... }
extern "C"
There are a number of alternatives to writing your own C extensions, depending on what you’re trying to do.
Cython and its relative Pyrex are compilers that accept a slightly modified form of Python and generate the corresponding C code. Cython and Pyrex make it possible to write an extension without having to learn Python’s C API.
If you need to interface to some C or C++ library for which no Python extension currently exists, you can try wrapping the library’s data types and functions with a tool such as SWIG . SIP , CXX Boost ，或 Weave are also alternatives for wrapping C++ libraries.
The highest-level function to do this is PyRun_SimpleString() which takes a single string argument to be executed in the context of the module __main__ 并返回 0 对于成功和 -1 when an exception occurred (including SyntaxError ). If you want more control, use PyRun_String() ; see the source for PyRun_SimpleString() in Python/pythonrun.c .
PyRun_SimpleString()
__main__
0
-1
SyntaxError
PyRun_String()
Python/pythonrun.c
Call the function PyRun_String() from the previous question with the start symbol Py_eval_input ; it parses an expression, evaluates it and returns its value.
Py_eval_input
That depends on the object’s type. If it’s a tuple, PyTuple_Size() returns its length and PyTuple_GetItem() returns the item at a specified index. Lists have similar functions, PyList_Size() and PyList_GetItem() .
PyTuple_Size()
PyTuple_GetItem()
PyList_Size()
PyList_GetItem()
For bytes, PyBytes_Size() returns its length and PyBytes_AsStringAndSize() provides a pointer to its value and its length. Note that Python bytes objects may contain null bytes so C’s strlen() should not be used.
PyBytes_Size()
PyBytes_AsStringAndSize()
strlen()
To test the type of an object, first make sure it isn’t NULL , and then use PyBytes_Check() , PyTuple_Check() , PyList_Check() ，等。
NULL
PyBytes_Check()
PyTuple_Check()
PyList_Check()
There is also a high-level API to Python objects which is provided by the so-called ‘abstract’ interface – read Include/abstract.h for further details. It allows interfacing with any kind of Python sequence using calls like PySequence_Length() , PySequence_GetItem() , etc. as well as many other useful protocols such as numbers ( PyNumber_Index() et al.) and mappings in the PyMapping APIs.
Include/abstract.h
PySequence_Length()
PySequence_GetItem()
PyNumber_Index()
You can’t. Use PyTuple_Pack() 代替。
PyTuple_Pack()
The PyObject_CallMethod() function can be used to call an arbitrary method of an object. The parameters are the object, the name of the method to call, a format string like that used with Py_BuildValue() , and the argument values:
PyObject_CallMethod()
Py_BuildValue()
PyObject * PyObject_CallMethod(PyObject *object, const char *method_name, const char *arg_format, ...);
This works for any object that has methods – whether built-in or user-defined. You are responsible for eventually Py_DECREF() ‘ing the return value.
Py_DECREF()
To call, e.g., a file object’s “seek” method with arguments 10, 0 (assuming the file object pointer is “f”):
res = PyObject_CallMethod(f, "seek", "(ii)", 10, 0); if (res == NULL) { ... an exception occurred ... } else { Py_DECREF(res); }
Note that since PyObject_CallObject() always wants a tuple for the argument list, to call a function without arguments, pass “()” for the format, and to call a function with one argument, surround the argument in parentheses, e.g. “(i)”.
PyObject_CallObject()
In Python code, define an object that supports the write() method. Assign this object to sys.stdout and sys.stderr . Call print_error, or just allow the standard traceback mechanism to work. Then, the output will go wherever your write() method sends it.
write()
sys.stdout
sys.stderr
The easiest way to do this is to use the io.StringIO 类：
io.StringIO
>>> import io, sys >>> sys.stdout = io.StringIO() >>> print('foo') >>> print('hello world!') >>> sys.stderr.write(sys.stdout.getvalue()) foo hello world!
A custom object to do the same would look like this:
>>> import io, sys >>> class StdoutCatcher(io.TextIOBase): ... def __init__(self): ... self.data = [] ... def write(self, stuff): ... self.data.append(stuff) ... >>> import sys >>> sys.stdout = StdoutCatcher() >>> print('foo') >>> print('hello world!') >>> sys.stderr.write(''.join(sys.stdout.data)) foo hello world!
You can get a pointer to the module object as follows:
module = PyImport_ImportModule("<modulename>");
If the module hasn’t been imported yet (i.e. it is not yet present in sys.modules ), this initializes the module; otherwise it simply returns the value of sys.modules["<modulename>"] . Note that it doesn’t enter the module into any namespace – it only ensures it has been initialized and is stored in sys.modules .
sys.modules
sys.modules["<modulename>"]
You can then access the module’s attributes (i.e. any name defined in the module) as follows:
attr = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, "<attrname>");
调用 PyObject_SetAttrString() to assign to variables in the module also works.
PyObject_SetAttrString()
Depending on your requirements, there are many approaches. To do this manually, begin by reading the “Extending and Embedding” document . Realize that for the Python run-time system, there isn’t a whole lot of difference between C and C++ – so the strategy of building a new Python type around a C structure (pointer) type will also work for C++ objects.
For C++ libraries, see Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives? .
Setup must end in a newline, if there is no newline there, the build process fails. (Fixing this requires some ugly shell script hackery, and this bug is so minor that it doesn’t seem worth the effort.)
When using GDB with dynamically loaded extensions, you can’t set a breakpoint in your extension until your extension is loaded.
在 .gdbinit file (or interactively), add the command:
.gdbinit
br _PyImport_LoadDynamicModule
Then, when you run GDB:
$ gdb /local/bin/python gdb) run myscript.py gdb) continue # repeat until your extension is loaded gdb) finish # so that your extension is loaded gdb) br myfunction.c:50 gdb) continue
Most packaged versions of Python don’t include the /usr/lib/python2.x/config/ directory, which contains various files required for compiling Python extensions.
/usr/lib/python2.x/config/
For Red Hat, install the python-devel RPM to get the necessary files.
For Debian, run apt-get install python-dev .
apt-get install python-dev
Sometimes you want to emulate the Python interactive interpreter’s behavior, where it gives you a continuation prompt when the input is incomplete (e.g. you typed the start of an “if” statement or you didn’t close your parentheses or triple string quotes), but it gives you a syntax error message immediately when the input is invalid.
In Python you can use the codeop module, which approximates the parser’s behavior sufficiently. IDLE uses this, for example.
codeop
The easiest way to do it in C is to call PyRun_InteractiveLoop() (perhaps in a separate thread) and let the Python interpreter handle the input for you. You can also set the PyOS_ReadlineFunctionPointer() to point at your custom input function. See Modules/readline.c and Parser/myreadline.c for more hints.
PyRun_InteractiveLoop()
PyOS_ReadlineFunctionPointer()
Modules/readline.c
Parser/myreadline.c
To dynamically load g++ extension modules, you must recompile Python, relink it using g++ (change LINKCC in the Python Modules Makefile), and link your extension module using g++ (e.g., g++ -shared -o mymodule.so mymodule.o ).
g++ -shared -o mymodule.so mymodule.o
Yes, you can inherit from built-in classes such as int , list , dict ，等。
int
list
dict
The Boost Python Library (BPL, https://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/index.html ) provides a way of doing this from C++ (i.e. you can inherit from an extension class written in C++ using the BPL).
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