pip
distutils-sig @ python . org
As a popular open source development project, Python has an active supporting community of contributors and users that also make their software available for other Python developers to use under open source license terms.
This allows Python users to share and collaborate effectively, benefiting from the solutions others have already created to common (and sometimes even rare!) problems, as well as potentially contributing their own solutions to the common pool.
This guide covers the installation part of the process. For a guide to creating and sharing your own Python projects, refer to the Python packaging user guide .
注意
For corporate and other institutional users, be aware that many organisations have their own policies around using and contributing to open source software. Please take such policies into account when making use of the distribution and installation tools provided with Python.
pip is the preferred installer program. Starting with Python 3.4, it is included by default with the Python binary installers.
A 虚拟环境 is a semi-isolated Python environment that allows packages to be installed for use by a particular application, rather than being installed system wide.
venv is the standard tool for creating virtual environments, and has been part of Python since Python 3.3. Starting with Python 3.4, it defaults to installing pip into all created virtual environments.
venv
virtualenv is a third party alternative (and predecessor) to venv . It allows virtual environments to be used on versions of Python prior to 3.4, which either don’t provide venv at all, or aren’t able to automatically install pip into created environments.
virtualenv
The PyPI (Python 包索引) is a public repository of open source licensed packages made available for use by other Python users.
the PPA (Python 打包管理局) is the group of developers and documentation authors responsible for the maintenance and evolution of the standard packaging tools and the associated metadata and file format standards. They maintain a variety of tools, documentation, and issue trackers on GitHub .
distutils is the original build and distribution system first added to the Python standard library in 1998. While direct use of distutils is being phased out, it still laid the foundation for the current packaging and distribution infrastructure, and it not only remains part of the standard library, but its name lives on in other ways (such as the name of the mailing list used to coordinate Python packaging standards development).
distutils
3.5 版改变： The use of venv is now recommended for creating virtual environments.
另请参阅
Python 打包用户指南：创建和使用虚拟环境
The standard packaging tools are all designed to be used from the command line.
The following command will install the latest version of a module and its dependencies from the Python Package Index:
python -m pip install SomePackage
For POSIX users (including macOS and Linux users), the examples in this guide assume the use of a 虚拟环境 .
For Windows users, the examples in this guide assume that the option to adjust the system PATH environment variable was selected when installing Python.
It’s also possible to specify an exact or minimum version directly on the command line. When using comparator operators such as > , < or some other special character which get interpreted by shell, the package name and the version should be enclosed within double quotes:
>
<
python -m pip install SomePackage==1.0.4 # specific version python -m pip install "SomePackage>=1.0.4" # minimum version
Normally, if a suitable module is already installed, attempting to install it again will have no effect. Upgrading existing modules must be requested explicitly:
python -m pip install --upgrade SomePackage
More information and resources regarding pip and its capabilities can be found in the Python 打包用户指南 .
Creation of virtual environments is done through the venv module. Installing packages into an active virtual environment uses the commands shown above.
Python Packaging User Guide: Installing Python Distribution Packages
These are quick answers or links for some common tasks.
Python only started bundling pip with Python 3.4. For earlier versions, pip needs to be “bootstrapped” as described in the Python Packaging User Guide.
Python Packaging User Guide: Requirements for Installing Packages
传递 --user 选项到 python -m pip install will install a package just for the current user, rather than for all users of the system.
--user
python -m pip install
A number of scientific Python packages have complex binary dependencies, and aren’t currently easy to install using pip directly. At this point in time, it will often be easier for users to install these packages by other means rather than attempting to install them with pip .
Python Packaging User Guide: Installing Scientific Packages
On Linux, macOS, and other POSIX systems, use the versioned Python commands in combination with the -m switch to run the appropriate copy of pip :
-m
python2 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 2 python2.7 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 2.7 python3 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 3 python3.4 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 3.4
Appropriately versioned pip commands may also be available.
On Windows, use the py Python launcher in combination with the -m switch:
py
py -2 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 2 py -2.7 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 2.7 py -3 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 3 py -3.4 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 3.4
On Linux systems, a Python installation will typically be included as part of the distribution. Installing into this Python installation requires root access to the system, and may interfere with the operation of the system package manager and other components of the system if a component is unexpectedly upgraded using pip .
On such systems, it is often better to use a virtual environment or a per-user installation when installing packages with pip .
It is possible that pip does not get installed by default. One potential fix is:
python -m ensurepip --default-pip
There are also additional resources for installing pip.
Python has typically relied heavily on source based distribution, with end users being expected to compile extension modules from source as part of the installation process.
With the introduction of support for the binary wheel format, and the ability to publish wheels for at least Windows and macOS through the Python Package Index, this problem is expected to diminish over time, as users are more regularly able to install pre-built extensions rather than needing to build them themselves.
wheel
Some of the solutions for installing scientific software that are not yet available as pre-built wheel files may also help with obtaining other binary extensions without needing to build them locally.
Python 打包用户指南：二进制扩展
API 和 ABI 版本控制
Python 怎么样
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