低级 API 索引
asyncio
异步编程不同于经典的 "顺序" 编程。
此页面列出了常见过失和陷阱，并解释了如何避免它们。
默认情况下，asyncio 在生产模式下运行。为易于开发，asyncio 有 调试模式 .
有几种方式能启用 asyncio 调试模式：
设置 PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG 环境变量到 1 .
PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG
1
使用 Python 开发模式 .
传递 debug=True to asyncio.run() .
debug=True
asyncio.run()
调用 loop.set_debug() .
loop.set_debug()
In addition to enabling the debug mode, consider also:
setting the log level of the asyncio logger to logging.DEBUG , for example the following snippet of code can be run at startup of the application:
logging.DEBUG
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
configuring the warnings module to display ResourceWarning warnings. One way of doing that is by using the -W default 命令行选项。
warnings
ResourceWarning
-W
default
When the debug mode is enabled:
asyncio checks for coroutines that were not awaited and logs them; this mitigates the “forgotten await” pitfall.
Many non-threadsafe asyncio APIs (such as loop.call_soon() and loop.call_at() methods) raise an exception if they are called from a wrong thread.
loop.call_soon()
loop.call_at()
The execution time of the I/O selector is logged if it takes too long to perform an I/O operation.
Callbacks taking longer than 100 milliseconds are logged. The loop.slow_callback_duration attribute can be used to set the minimum execution duration in seconds that is considered “slow”.
loop.slow_callback_duration
An event loop runs in a thread (typically the main thread) and executes all callbacks and Tasks in its thread. While a Task is running in the event loop, no other Tasks can run in the same thread. When a Task executes an await expression, the running Task gets suspended, and the event loop executes the next Task.
await
To schedule a callback from another OS thread, the loop.call_soon_threadsafe() method should be used. Example:
loop.call_soon_threadsafe()
loop.call_soon_threadsafe(callback, *args)
Almost all asyncio objects are not thread safe, which is typically not a problem unless there is code that works with them from outside of a Task or a callback. If there’s a need for such code to call a low-level asyncio API, the loop.call_soon_threadsafe() method should be used, e.g.:
loop.call_soon_threadsafe(fut.cancel)
To schedule a coroutine object from a different OS thread, the run_coroutine_threadsafe() function should be used. It returns a concurrent.futures.Future to access the result:
run_coroutine_threadsafe()
concurrent.futures.Future
async def coro_func(): return await asyncio.sleep(1, 42) # Later in another OS thread: future = asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(coro_func(), loop) # Wait for the result: result = future.result()
To handle signals the event loop must be run in the main thread.
The loop.run_in_executor() method can be used with a concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor to execute blocking code in a different OS thread without blocking the OS thread that the event loop runs in.
loop.run_in_executor()
concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor
There is currently no way to schedule coroutines or callbacks directly from a different process (such as one started with multiprocessing )。 事件循环方法 section lists APIs that can read from pipes and watch file descriptors without blocking the event loop. In addition, asyncio’s Subprocess APIs provide a way to start a process and communicate with it from the event loop. Lastly, the aforementioned loop.run_in_executor() method can also be used with a concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor to execute code in a different process.
multiprocessing
concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor
Blocking (CPU-bound) code should not be called directly. For example, if a function performs a CPU-intensive calculation for 1 second, all concurrent asyncio Tasks and IO operations would be delayed by 1 second.
An executor can be used to run a task in a different thread or even in a different process to avoid blocking the OS thread with the event loop. See the loop.run_in_executor() method for more details.
asyncio uses the logging module and all logging is performed via the "asyncio" logger.
logging
"asyncio"
The default log level is logging.INFO , which can be easily adjusted:
logging.INFO
logging.getLogger("asyncio").setLevel(logging.WARNING)
Network logging can block the event loop. It is recommended to use a separate thread for handling logs or use non-blocking IO. For example, see Dealing with handlers that block .
When a coroutine function is called, but not awaited (e.g. coro() 而不是 await coro() ) or the coroutine is not scheduled with asyncio.create_task() , asyncio will emit a RuntimeWarning :
coro()
await coro()
asyncio.create_task()
RuntimeWarning
import asyncio async def test(): print("never scheduled") async def main(): test() asyncio.run(main())
输出：
test.py:7: RuntimeWarning: coroutine 'test' was never awaited test()
调试模式下的输出：
test.py:7: RuntimeWarning: coroutine 'test' was never awaited Coroutine created at (most recent call last) File "../t.py", line 9, in <module> asyncio.run(main(), debug=True) < .. > File "../t.py", line 7, in main test() test()
The usual fix is to either await the coroutine or call the asyncio.create_task() 函数：
async def main(): await test()
若 Future.set_exception() is called but the Future object is never awaited on, the exception would never be propagated to the user code. In this case, asyncio would emit a log message when the Future object is garbage collected.
Future.set_exception()
Example of an unhandled exception:
import asyncio async def bug(): raise Exception("not consumed") async def main(): asyncio.create_task(bug()) asyncio.run(main())
Task exception was never retrieved future: <Task finished coro=<bug() done, defined at test.py:3> exception=Exception('not consumed')> Traceback (most recent call last): File "test.py", line 4, in bug raise Exception("not consumed") Exception: not consumed
Enable the debug mode to get the traceback where the task was created:
asyncio.run(main(), debug=True)
Task exception was never retrieved future: <Task finished coro=<bug() done, defined at test.py:3> exception=Exception('not consumed') created at asyncio/tasks.py:321> source_traceback: Object created at (most recent call last): File "../t.py", line 9, in <module> asyncio.run(main(), debug=True) < .. > Traceback (most recent call last): File "../t.py", line 4, in bug raise Exception("not consumed") Exception: not consumed
socket — 低级网络接口
socket
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