secrets
就业培训 下载中心 Wiki 联络 登录 注册 首页 Python 3.12.4 索引 模块 下一 上一 Python 标准库 加密服务 secrets — 生成用于管理保密的安全随机数 secrets — 生成用于管理保密的安全随机数 ¶ Added in version 3.6. 源代码： Lib/secrets.py The secrets module is used for generating cryptographically strong random numbers suitable for managing data such as passwords, account authentication, security tokens, and related secrets. In particular, secrets should be used in preference to the default pseudo-random number generator in the random module, which is designed for modelling and simulation, not security or cryptography. 另请参阅 PEP 506 随机数 ¶ The secrets module provides access to the most secure source of randomness that your operating system provides. class secrets. SystemRandom ¶ A class for generating random numbers using the highest-quality sources provided by the operating system. See random.SystemRandom 了解额外细节。 secrets. choice ( seq ) ¶ Return a randomly chosen element from a non-empty sequence. secrets. randbelow ( exclusive_upper_bound ) ¶ Return a random int in the range [0, exclusive_upper_bound ). secrets. randbits ( k ) ¶ Return an int with k random bits. 生成令牌 ¶ The secrets module provides functions for generating secure tokens, suitable for applications such as password resets, hard-to-guess URLs, and similar. secrets. token_bytes ( [ nbytes=None ] ) ¶ Return a random byte string containing nbytes number of bytes. If nbytes is None or not supplied, a reasonable default is used. >>> token_bytes(16) b'\xebr\x17D*t\xae\xd4\xe3S\xb6\xe2\xebP1\x8b' secrets. token_hex ( [ nbytes=None ] ) ¶ Return a random text string, in hexadecimal. The string has nbytes random bytes, each byte converted to two hex digits. If nbytes is None or not supplied, a reasonable default is used. >>> token_hex(16) 'f9bf78b9a18ce6d46a0cd2b0b86df9da' secrets. token_urlsafe ( [ nbytes=None ] ) ¶ Return a random URL-safe text string, containing nbytes random bytes. The text is Base64 encoded, so on average each byte results in approximately 1.3 characters. If nbytes is None or not supplied, a reasonable default is used. >>> token_urlsafe(16) 'Drmhze6EPcv0fN_81Bj-nA' 令牌应使用多少字节？ ¶ To be secure against brute-force attacks , tokens need to have sufficient randomness. Unfortunately, what is considered sufficient will necessarily increase as computers get more powerful and able to make more guesses in a shorter period. As of 2015, it is believed that 32 bytes (256 bits) of randomness is sufficient for the typical use-case expected for the secrets 模块。 For those who want to manage their own token length, you can explicitly specify how much randomness is used for tokens by giving an int argument to the various token_* functions. That argument is taken as the number of bytes of randomness to use. Otherwise, if no argument is provided, or if the argument is None ， token_* functions will use a reasonable default instead. 注意 That default is subject to change at any time, including during maintenance releases. 其它函数 ¶ secrets. compare_digest ( a , b ) ¶ 返回 True if strings or 像字节对象 a and b are equal, otherwise False , using a “constant-time compare” to reduce the risk of timing attacks 。见 hmac.compare_digest() 了解额外细节。 配方和最佳实践 ¶ This section shows recipes and best practices for using secrets to manage a basic level of security. Generate an eight-character alphanumeric password: import string import secrets alphabet = string.ascii_letters + string.digits password = ''.join(secrets.choice(alphabet) for i in range(8)) 注意 Applications should not store passwords in a recoverable format , whether plain text or encrypted. They should be salted and hashed using a cryptographically strong one-way (irreversible) hash function. Generate a ten-character alphanumeric password with at least one lowercase character, at least one uppercase character, and at least three digits: import string import secrets alphabet = string.ascii_letters + string.digits while True: password = ''.join(secrets.choice(alphabet) for i in range(10)) if (any(c.islower() for c in password) and any(c.isupper() for c in password) and sum(c.isdigit() for c in password) >= 3): break Generate an XKCD-style passphrase : import secrets # On standard Linux systems, use a convenient dictionary file. # Other platforms may need to provide their own word-list. with open('/usr/share/dict/words') as f: words = [word.strip() for word in f] password = ' '.join(secrets.choice(words) for i in range(4)) Generate a hard-to-guess temporary URL containing a security token suitable for password recovery applications: import secrets url = 'https://example.com/reset=' + secrets.token_urlsafe() 内容表 secrets — 生成用于管理保密的安全随机数 随机数 生成令牌 令牌应使用多少字节？ 其它函数 配方和最佳实践 上一话题 hmac — 用于消息身份验证的键哈希 下一话题 一般操作系统服务 本页 报告 Bug 展示源 快速搜索 键入搜索术语或模块、类、函数名称。 首页 Python 3.12.4 索引 模块 下一 上一 Python 标准库 加密服务 secrets — 生成用于管理保密的安全随机数
Added in version 3.6.
源代码： Lib/secrets.py
The secrets module is used for generating cryptographically strong random numbers suitable for managing data such as passwords, account authentication, security tokens, and related secrets.
In particular, secrets should be used in preference to the default pseudo-random number generator in the random module, which is designed for modelling and simulation, not security or cryptography.
random
另请参阅
PEP 506
The secrets module provides access to the most secure source of randomness that your operating system provides.
A class for generating random numbers using the highest-quality sources provided by the operating system. See random.SystemRandom 了解额外细节。
random.SystemRandom
Return a randomly chosen element from a non-empty sequence.
Return a random int in the range [0, exclusive_upper_bound ).
Return an int with k random bits.
The secrets module provides functions for generating secure tokens, suitable for applications such as password resets, hard-to-guess URLs, and similar.
Return a random byte string containing nbytes number of bytes. If nbytes is None or not supplied, a reasonable default is used.
None
>>> token_bytes(16) b'\xebr\x17D*t\xae\xd4\xe3S\xb6\xe2\xebP1\x8b'
Return a random text string, in hexadecimal. The string has nbytes random bytes, each byte converted to two hex digits. If nbytes is None or not supplied, a reasonable default is used.
>>> token_hex(16) 'f9bf78b9a18ce6d46a0cd2b0b86df9da'
Return a random URL-safe text string, containing nbytes random bytes. The text is Base64 encoded, so on average each byte results in approximately 1.3 characters. If nbytes is None or not supplied, a reasonable default is used.
>>> token_urlsafe(16) 'Drmhze6EPcv0fN_81Bj-nA'
To be secure against brute-force attacks , tokens need to have sufficient randomness. Unfortunately, what is considered sufficient will necessarily increase as computers get more powerful and able to make more guesses in a shorter period. As of 2015, it is believed that 32 bytes (256 bits) of randomness is sufficient for the typical use-case expected for the secrets 模块。
For those who want to manage their own token length, you can explicitly specify how much randomness is used for tokens by giving an int argument to the various token_* functions. That argument is taken as the number of bytes of randomness to use.
int
token_*
Otherwise, if no argument is provided, or if the argument is None ， token_* functions will use a reasonable default instead.
注意
That default is subject to change at any time, including during maintenance releases.
返回 True if strings or 像字节对象 a and b are equal, otherwise False , using a “constant-time compare” to reduce the risk of timing attacks 。见 hmac.compare_digest() 了解额外细节。
True
False
hmac.compare_digest()
This section shows recipes and best practices for using secrets to manage a basic level of security.
Generate an eight-character alphanumeric password:
import string import secrets alphabet = string.ascii_letters + string.digits password = ''.join(secrets.choice(alphabet) for i in range(8))
Applications should not store passwords in a recoverable format , whether plain text or encrypted. They should be salted and hashed using a cryptographically strong one-way (irreversible) hash function.
Generate a ten-character alphanumeric password with at least one lowercase character, at least one uppercase character, and at least three digits:
import string import secrets alphabet = string.ascii_letters + string.digits while True: password = ''.join(secrets.choice(alphabet) for i in range(10)) if (any(c.islower() for c in password) and any(c.isupper() for c in password) and sum(c.isdigit() for c in password) >= 3): break
Generate an XKCD-style passphrase :
import secrets # On standard Linux systems, use a convenient dictionary file. # Other platforms may need to provide their own word-list. with open('/usr/share/dict/words') as f: words = [word.strip() for word in f] password = ' '.join(secrets.choice(words) for i in range(4))
Generate a hard-to-guess temporary URL containing a security token suitable for password recovery applications:
import secrets url = 'https://example.com/reset=' + secrets.token_urlsafe()
hmac — 用于消息身份验证的键哈希
hmac
一般操作系统服务
键入搜索术语或模块、类、函数名称。