18.5.4. 传输和协议 (基于回调的 API) ¶

18.5.4.1.1. BaseTransport ¶

class asyncio. BaseTransport ¶

Base class for transports.

close ( ) ¶

Close the transport. If the transport has a buffer for outgoing data, buffered data will be flushed asynchronously. No more data will be received. After all buffered data is flushed, the protocol’s connection_lost() method will be called with None as its argument.

is_closing ( ) ¶

返回 True if the transport is closing or is closed.

New in version 3.5.1.

get_extra_info ( name , default=None ) ¶

Return optional transport information. name is a string representing the piece of transport-specific information to get, default is the value to return if the information doesn’t exist.

This method allows transport implementations to easily expose channel-specific information.

• socket:
  • 'peername' : the remote address to which the socket is connected, result of socket.socket.getpeername() ( None on error)
  • 'socket' : socket.socket instance
  • 'sockname' : the socket’s own address, result of socket.socket.getsockname()
• SSL socket:
  • 'compression' : the compression algorithm being used as a string, or None if the connection isn’t compressed; result of ssl.SSLSocket.compression()
  • 'cipher' : a three-value tuple containing the name of the cipher being used, the version of the SSL protocol that defines its use, and the number of secret bits being used; result of ssl.SSLSocket.cipher()
  • 'peercert' : peer certificate; result of ssl.SSLSocket.getpeercert()
  • 'sslcontext' : ssl.SSLContext instance
  • 'ssl_object' : ssl.SSLObject or ssl.SSLSocket instance
• pipe:
  • 'pipe' : pipe object
• subprocess:
  • 'subprocess' : subprocess.Popen instance

set_protocol ( protocol ) ¶

Set a new protocol. Switching protocol should only be done when both protocols are documented to support the switch.

3.5.3 版新增。

get_protocol ( ) ¶

Return the current protocol.

3.5.3 版新增。

3.5.1 版改变： 'ssl_object' info was added to SSL sockets.

18.5.4.1.2. ReadTransport ¶

class asyncio. ReadTransport ¶

Interface for read-only transports.

pause_reading ( ) ¶

Pause the receiving end of the transport. No data will be passed to the protocol’s data_received() method until resume_reading() 被调用。

Changed in version 3.6.7: The method is idempotent, i.e. it can be called when the transport is already paused or closed.

resume_reading ( ) ¶

Resume the receiving end. The protocol’s data_received() method will be called once again if some data is available for reading.

Changed in version 3.6.7: The method is idempotent, i.e. it can be called when the transport is already reading.

18.5.4.1.3. WriteTransport ¶

class asyncio. WriteTransport ¶

Interface for write-only transports.

abort ( ) ¶

Close the transport immediately, without waiting for pending operations to complete. Buffered data will be lost. No more data will be received. The protocol’s connection_lost() method will eventually be called with None as its argument.

can_write_eof ( ) ¶

返回 True if the transport supports write_eof() , False if not.

get_write_buffer_size ( ) ¶

Return the current size of the output buffer used by the transport.

get_write_buffer_limits ( ) ¶

Get the high - and low -water limits for write flow control. Return a tuple (low, high) where low and high are positive number of bytes.

使用 set_write_buffer_limits() to set the limits.

3.4.2 版新增。

set_write_buffer_limits ( high=None , low=None ) ¶

设置 high - and low -water limits for write flow control.

These two values (measured in number of bytes) control when the protocol’s pause_writing() and resume_writing() methods are called. If specified, the low-water limit must be less than or equal to the high-water limit. Neither high nor low can be negative.

pause_writing() is called when the buffer size becomes greater than or equal to the high value. If writing has been paused, resume_writing() is called when the buffer size becomes less than or equal to the low 值。

The defaults are implementation-specific. If only the high-water limit is given, the low-water limit defaults to an implementation-specific value less than or equal to the high-water limit. Setting high to zero forces low to zero as well, and causes pause_writing() to be called whenever the buffer becomes non-empty. Setting low to zero causes resume_writing() to be called only once the buffer is empty. Use of zero for either limit is generally sub-optimal as it reduces opportunities for doing I/O and computation concurrently.

使用 get_write_buffer_limits() to get the limits.

write ( data ) ¶

Write some data bytes to the transport.

This method does not block; it buffers the data and arranges for it to be sent out asynchronously.

writelines ( list_of_data ) ¶

Write a list (or any iterable) of data bytes to the transport. This is functionally equivalent to calling write() on each element yielded by the iterable, but may be implemented more efficiently.

write_eof ( ) ¶

Close the write end of the transport after flushing buffered data. Data may still be received.

此方法可以引发 NotImplementedError if the transport (e.g. SSL) doesn’t support half-closes.

18.5.4.1.4. DatagramTransport ¶

DatagramTransport. sendto ( data , addr=None ) ¶

Send the data bytes to the remote peer given by addr (a transport-dependent target address). If addr is None , the data is sent to the target address given on transport creation.

This method does not block; it buffers the data and arranges for it to be sent out asynchronously.

DatagramTransport. abort ( ) ¶

Close the transport immediately, without waiting for pending operations to complete. Buffered data will be lost. No more data will be received. The protocol’s connection_lost() method will eventually be called with None as its argument.

18.5.4.1.5. BaseSubprocessTransport ¶

class asyncio. BaseSubprocessTransport ¶

get_pid ( ) ¶

Return the subprocess process id as an integer.

get_pipe_transport ( fd ) ¶

Return the transport for the communication pipe corresponding to the integer file descriptor fd :

• 0 : readable streaming transport of the standard input ( stdin )，或 None if the subprocess was not created with stdin=PIPE
• 1 : writable streaming transport of the standard output ( stdout )，或 None if the subprocess was not created with stdout=PIPE
• 2 : writable streaming transport of the standard error ( stderr )，或 None if the subprocess was not created with stderr=PIPE
• other fd : None

get_returncode ( ) ¶

Return the subprocess returncode as an integer or None if it hasn’t returned, similarly to the subprocess.Popen.returncode 属性。

kill ( ) ¶

Kill the subprocess, as in subprocess.Popen.kill() .

On POSIX systems, the function sends SIGKILL to the subprocess. On Windows, this method is an alias for terminate() .

send_signal ( signal ) ¶

Send the signal number to the subprocess, as in subprocess.Popen.send_signal() .

terminate ( ) ¶

Ask the subprocess to stop, as in subprocess.Popen.terminate() . This method is an alias for the close() 方法。

On POSIX systems, this method sends SIGTERM to the subprocess. On Windows, the Windows API function TerminateProcess() is called to stop the subprocess.

close ( ) ¶

Ask the subprocess to stop by calling the terminate() method if the subprocess hasn’t returned yet, and close transports of all pipes ( stdin , stdout and stderr ).

18.5.4.2.1. 协议类 ¶

class asyncio. Protocol ¶

The base class for implementing streaming protocols (for use with e.g. TCP and SSL transports).

class asyncio. DatagramProtocol ¶

The base class for implementing datagram protocols (for use with e.g. UDP transports).

class asyncio. SubprocessProtocol ¶

The base class for implementing protocols communicating with child processes (through a set of unidirectional pipes).

18.5.4.2.2. Connection callbacks ¶

These callbacks may be called on Protocol , DatagramProtocol and SubprocessProtocol 实例：

BaseProtocol. connection_made ( transport ) ¶

Called when a connection is made.

transport argument is the transport representing the connection. You are responsible for storing it somewhere (e.g. as an attribute) if you need to.

BaseProtocol. connection_lost ( exc ) ¶

Called when the connection is lost or closed.

The argument is either an exception object or None . The latter means a regular EOF is received, or the connection was aborted or closed by this side of the connection.

connection_made() and connection_lost() are called exactly once per successful connection. All other callbacks will be called between those two methods, which allows for easier resource management in your protocol implementation.

The following callbacks may be called only on SubprocessProtocol 实例：

SubprocessProtocol. pipe_data_received ( fd , data ) ¶

Called when the child process writes data into its stdout or stderr pipe. fd is the integer file descriptor of the pipe. data is a non-empty bytes object containing the data.

SubprocessProtocol. pipe_connection_lost ( fd , exc ) ¶

Called when one of the pipes communicating with the child process is closed. fd is the integer file descriptor that was closed.

SubprocessProtocol. process_exited ( ) ¶

Called when the child process has exited.

18.5.4.2.3. Streaming protocols ¶

The following callbacks are called on Protocol 实例：

Protocol. data_received ( data ) ¶

Called when some data is received. data is a non-empty bytes object containing the incoming data.

注意

Whether the data is buffered, chunked or reassembled depends on the transport. In general, you shouldn’t rely on specific semantics and instead make your parsing generic and flexible enough. However, data is always received in the correct order.

Protocol. eof_received ( ) ¶

Called when the other end signals it won’t send any more data (for example by calling write_eof() , if the other end also uses asyncio).

This method may return a false value (including None ), in which case the transport will close itself. Conversely, if this method returns a true value, closing the transport is up to the protocol. Since the default implementation returns None , it implicitly closes the connection.

注意

Some transports such as SSL don’t support half-closed connections, in which case returning true from this method will not prevent closing the connection.

data_received() can be called an arbitrary number of times during a connection. However, eof_received() is called at most once and, if called, data_received() won’t be called after it.

State machine:

start -> connection_made() [-> data_received() *] [-> eof_received() ?] -> connection_lost() -> end

18.5.4.2.4. Datagram protocols ¶

The following callbacks are called on DatagramProtocol 实例。

DatagramProtocol. datagram_received ( data , addr ) ¶

Called when a datagram is received. data is a bytes object containing the incoming data. addr is the address of the peer sending the data; the exact format depends on the transport.

DatagramProtocol. error_received ( exc ) ¶

Called when a previous send or receive operation raises an OSError . exc 是 OSError 实例。

This method is called in rare conditions, when the transport (e.g. UDP) detects that a datagram couldn’t be delivered to its recipient. In many conditions though, undeliverable datagrams will be silently dropped.

18.5.4.2.5. Flow control callbacks ¶

These callbacks may be called on Protocol , DatagramProtocol and SubprocessProtocol 实例：

BaseProtocol. pause_writing ( ) ¶

Called when the transport’s buffer goes over the high-water mark.

BaseProtocol. resume_writing ( ) ¶

Called when the transport’s buffer drains below the low-water mark.

pause_writing() and resume_writing() calls are paired – pause_writing() is called once when the buffer goes strictly over the high-water mark (even if subsequent writes increases the buffer size even more), and eventually resume_writing() is called once when the buffer size reaches the low-water mark.

18.5.4.2.6. Coroutines and protocols ¶

Coroutines can be scheduled in a protocol method using ensure_future() , but there is no guarantee made about the execution order. Protocols are not aware of coroutines created in protocol methods and so will not wait for them.

To have a reliable execution order, use stream objects in a coroutine with yield from . For example, the StreamWriter.drain() coroutine can be used to wait until the write buffer is flushed.

18.5.4.3.1. TCP 回显客户端协议 ¶

TCP echo client using the AbstractEventLoop.create_connection() method, send data and wait until the connection is closed:

import asyncio
class EchoClientProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
    def __init__(self, message, loop):
        self.message = message
        self.loop = loop
    def connection_made(self, transport):
        transport.write(self.message.encode())
        print('Data sent: {!r}'.format(self.message))
    def data_received(self, data):
        print('Data received: {!r}'.format(data.decode()))
    def connection_lost(self, exc):
        print('The server closed the connection')
        print('Stop the event loop')
        self.loop.stop()
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
message = 'Hello World!'
coro = loop.create_connection(lambda: EchoClientProtocol(message, loop),
                              '127.0.0.1', 8888)
loop.run_until_complete(coro)
loop.run_forever()
loop.close()
									

The event loop is running twice. The run_until_complete() method is preferred in this short example to raise an exception if the server is not listening, instead of having to write a short coroutine to handle the exception and stop the running loop. At run_until_complete() exit, the loop is no longer running, so there is no need to stop the loop in case of an error.

18.5.4.3.2. TCP 回显服务器协议 ¶

TCP echo server using the AbstractEventLoop.create_server() method, send back received data and close the connection:

import asyncio
class EchoServerClientProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
    def connection_made(self, transport):
        peername = transport.get_extra_info('peername')
        print('Connection from {}'.format(peername))
        self.transport = transport
    def data_received(self, data):
        message = data.decode()
        print('Data received: {!r}'.format(message))
        print('Send: {!r}'.format(message))
        self.transport.write(data)
        print('Close the client socket')
        self.transport.close()
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
# Each client connection will create a new protocol instance
coro = loop.create_server(EchoServerClientProtocol, '127.0.0.1', 8888)
server = loop.run_until_complete(coro)
# Serve requests until Ctrl+C is pressed
print('Serving on {}'.format(server.sockets[0].getsockname()))
try:
    loop.run_forever()
except KeyboardInterrupt:
    pass
# Close the server
server.close()
loop.run_until_complete(server.wait_closed())
loop.close()
									

Transport.close() can be called immediately after WriteTransport.write() even if data are not sent yet on the socket: both methods are asynchronous. yield from is not needed because these transport methods are not coroutines.

18.5.4.3.3. UDP 回显客户端协议 ¶

UDP echo client using the AbstractEventLoop.create_datagram_endpoint() method, send data and close the transport when we received the answer:

import asyncio
class EchoClientProtocol:
    def __init__(self, message, loop):
        self.message = message
        self.loop = loop
        self.transport = None
    def connection_made(self, transport):
        self.transport = transport
        print('Send:', self.message)
        self.transport.sendto(self.message.encode())
    def datagram_received(self, data, addr):
        print("Received:", data.decode())
        print("Close the socket")
        self.transport.close()
    def error_received(self, exc):
        print('Error received:', exc)
    def connection_lost(self, exc):
        print("Socket closed, stop the event loop")
        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
        loop.stop()
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
message = "Hello World!"
connect = loop.create_datagram_endpoint(
    lambda: EchoClientProtocol(message, loop),
    remote_addr=('127.0.0.1', 9999))
transport, protocol = loop.run_until_complete(connect)
loop.run_forever()
transport.close()
loop.close()
									

18.5.4.3.4. UDP 回显服务器协议 ¶

UDP echo server using the AbstractEventLoop.create_datagram_endpoint() method, send back received data:

import asyncio
class EchoServerProtocol:
    def connection_made(self, transport):
        self.transport = transport
    def datagram_received(self, data, addr):
        message = data.decode()
        print('Received %r from %s' % (message, addr))
        print('Send %r to %s' % (message, addr))
        self.transport.sendto(data, addr)
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
print("Starting UDP server")
# One protocol instance will be created to serve all client requests
listen = loop.create_datagram_endpoint(
    EchoServerProtocol, local_addr=('127.0.0.1', 9999))
transport, protocol = loop.run_until_complete(listen)
try:
    loop.run_forever()
except KeyboardInterrupt:
    pass
transport.close()
loop.close()
									

18.5.4.3.5. Register an open socket to wait for data using a protocol ¶

Wait until a socket receives data using the AbstractEventLoop.create_connection() method with a protocol, and then close the event loop

import asyncio
try:
    from socket import socketpair
except ImportError:
    from asyncio.windows_utils import socketpair
# Create a pair of connected sockets
rsock, wsock = socketpair()
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
class MyProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
    transport = None
    def connection_made(self, transport):
        self.transport = transport
    def data_received(self, data):
        print("Received:", data.decode())
        # We are done: close the transport (it will call connection_lost())
        self.transport.close()
    def connection_lost(self, exc):
        # The socket has been closed, stop the event loop
        loop.stop()
# Register the socket to wait for data
connect_coro = loop.create_connection(MyProtocol, sock=rsock)
transport, protocol = loop.run_until_complete(connect_coro)
# Simulate the reception of data from the network
loop.call_soon(wsock.send, 'abc'.encode())
# Run the event loop
loop.run_forever()
# We are done, close sockets and the event loop
rsock.close()
wsock.close()
loop.close()