32.12. dis — 用于 Python 字节码的反汇编程序 ¶

32.12.1. 字节码分析 ¶

The bytecode analysis API allows pieces of Python code to be wrapped in a Bytecode object that provides easy access to details of the compiled code.

class dis. Bytecode ( x , * , first_line=None , current_offset=None ) ¶

Analyse the bytecode corresponding to a function, generator, method, string of source code, or a code object (as returned by compile() ).

This is a convenience wrapper around many of the functions listed below, most notably get_instructions() , as iterating over a Bytecode instance yields the bytecode operations as Instruction 实例。

若 first_line 不是 None , it indicates the line number that should be reported for the first source line in the disassembled code. Otherwise, the source line information (if any) is taken directly from the disassembled code object.

若 current_offset 不是 None , it refers to an instruction offset in the disassembled code. Setting this means dis() will display a “current instruction” marker against the specified opcode.

classmethod from_traceback ( tb ) ¶

构造 Bytecode instance from the given traceback, setting current_offset to the instruction responsible for the exception.

codeobj ¶

编译代码对象。

first_line ¶

The first source line of the code object (if available)

dis ( ) ¶

Return a formatted view of the bytecode operations (the same as printed by dis.dis() , but returned as a multi-line string).

info ( ) ¶

Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed information about the code object, like code_info() .

范例：

>>> bytecode = dis.Bytecode(myfunc)
>>> for instr in bytecode:
...     print(instr.opname)
...
LOAD_GLOBAL
LOAD_FAST
CALL_FUNCTION
RETURN_VALUE
								

32.12.2. 分析函数 ¶

dis module also defines the following analysis functions that convert the input directly to the desired output. They can be useful if only a single operation is being performed, so the intermediate analysis object isn’t useful:

dis. code_info ( x ) ¶

Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed code object information for the supplied function, generator, method, source code string or code object.

Note that the exact contents of code info strings are highly implementation dependent and they may change arbitrarily across Python VMs or Python releases.

3.2 版新增。

dis. show_code ( x , * , file=None ) ¶

Print detailed code object information for the supplied function, method, source code string or code object to file (或 sys.stdout if file is not specified).

This is a convenient shorthand for print(code_info(x), file=file) , intended for interactive exploration at the interpreter prompt.

3.2 版新增。

3.4 版改变： 添加 file 参数。

dis. dis ( x=None , * , file=None ) ¶

Disassemble the x 对象。 x can denote either a module, a class, a method, a function, a generator, a code object, a string of source code or a byte sequence of raw bytecode. For a module, it disassembles all functions. For a class, it disassembles all methods (including class and static methods). For a code object or sequence of raw bytecode, it prints one line per bytecode instruction. Strings are first compiled to code objects with the compile() built-in function before being disassembled. If no object is provided, this function disassembles the last traceback.

The disassembly is written as text to the supplied file argument if provided and to sys.stdout 否则。

3.4 版改变： 添加 file 参数。

dis. distb ( tb=None , * , file=None ) ¶

Disassemble the top-of-stack function of a traceback, using the last traceback if none was passed. The instruction causing the exception is indicated.

The disassembly is written as text to the supplied file argument if provided and to sys.stdout 否则。

3.4 版改变： 添加 file 参数。

dis. disassemble ( code , lasti=-1 , * , file=None ) ¶

dis. disco ( code , lasti=-1 , * , file=None ) ¶

Disassemble a code object, indicating the last instruction if lasti was provided. The output is divided in the following columns:

1. the line number, for the first instruction of each line
2. the current instruction, indicated as --> ,
3. a labelled instruction, indicated with >> ,
4. the address of the instruction,
5. the operation code name,
6. operation parameters, and
7. interpretation of the parameters in parentheses.

The parameter interpretation recognizes local and global variable names, constant values, branch targets, and compare operators.

The disassembly is written as text to the supplied file argument if provided and to sys.stdout 否则。

3.4 版改变： 添加 file 参数。

dis. get_instructions ( x , * , first_line=None ) ¶

Return an iterator over the instructions in the supplied function, method, source code string or code object.

The iterator generates a series of Instruction named tuples giving the details of each operation in the supplied code.

若 first_line 不是 None , it indicates the line number that should be reported for the first source line in the disassembled code. Otherwise, the source line information (if any) is taken directly from the disassembled code object.

3.4 版新增。

dis. findlinestarts ( code ) ¶

This generator function uses the co_firstlineno and co_lnotab attributes of the code object code to find the offsets which are starts of lines in the source code. They are generated as (offset, lineno) pairs. See Objects/lnotab_notes.txt 为 co_lnotab format and how to decode it.

3.6 版改变： Line numbers can be decreasing. Before, they were always increasing.

dis. findlabels ( code ) ¶

Detect all offsets in the code object code which are jump targets, and return a list of these offsets.

dis. stack_effect ( opcode [ , oparg ] ) ¶

Compute the stack effect of opcode with argument oparg .

3.4 版新增。

32.12.3. Python Bytecode Instructions ¶

get_instructions() 函数和 Bytecode class provide details of bytecode instructions as Instruction 实例：

class dis. Instruction ¶

用于字节码操作的细节

opcode ¶

numeric code for operation, corresponding to the opcode values listed below and the bytecode values in the Opcode collections .

opname ¶

人类可读的操作名称

arg ¶

numeric argument to operation (if any), otherwise None

argval ¶

resolved arg value (if known), otherwise same as arg

argrepr ¶

human readable description of operation argument

offset ¶

start index of operation within bytecode sequence

starts_line ¶

line started by this opcode (if any), otherwise None

is_jump_target ¶

True if other code jumps to here, otherwise False

3.4 版新增。

The Python compiler currently generates the following bytecode instructions.

General instructions

NOP ¶

Do nothing code. Used as a placeholder by the bytecode optimizer.

POP_TOP ¶

Removes the top-of-stack (TOS) item.

ROT_TWO ¶

Swaps the two top-most stack items.

ROT_THREE ¶

Lifts second and third stack item one position up, moves top down to position three.

DUP_TOP ¶

Duplicates the reference on top of the stack.

3.2 版新增。

DUP_TOP_TWO ¶

Duplicates the two references on top of the stack, leaving them in the same order.

3.2 版新增。

Unary operations

Unary operations take the top of the stack, apply the operation, and push the result back on the stack.

UNARY_POSITIVE ¶

实现 TOS = +TOS .

UNARY_NEGATIVE ¶

实现 TOS = -TOS .

UNARY_NOT ¶

实现 TOS = not TOS .

UNARY_INVERT ¶

实现 TOS = ~TOS .

GET_ITER ¶

实现 TOS = iter(TOS) .

GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER ¶

若 TOS 是 生成器迭代器 or 协程 object it is left as is. Otherwise, implements TOS = iter(TOS) .

3.5 版新增。

Binary operations

Binary operations remove the top of the stack (TOS) and the second top-most stack item (TOS1) from the stack. They perform the operation, and put the result back on the stack.

BINARY_POWER ¶

实现 TOS = TOS1 ** TOS .

BINARY_MULTIPLY ¶

实现 TOS = TOS1 * TOS .

BINARY_MATRIX_MULTIPLY ¶

实现 TOS = TOS1 @ TOS .

3.5 版新增。

BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE ¶

实现 TOS = TOS1 // TOS .

BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE ¶

实现 TOS = TOS1 / TOS .

BINARY_MODULO ¶

实现 TOS = TOS1 % TOS .

BINARY_ADD ¶

实现 TOS = TOS1 + TOS .

BINARY_SUBTRACT ¶

实现 TOS = TOS1 - TOS .

BINARY_SUBSCR ¶

实现 TOS = TOS1[TOS] .

BINARY_LSHIFT ¶

实现 TOS = TOS1 << TOS .

BINARY_RSHIFT ¶

实现 TOS = TOS1 >> TOS .

BINARY_AND ¶

实现 TOS = TOS1 & TOS .

BINARY_XOR ¶

实现 TOS = TOS1 ^ TOS .

BINARY_OR ¶

实现 TOS = TOS1 | TOS .

In-place operations

In-place operations are like binary operations, in that they remove TOS and TOS1, and push the result back on the stack, but the operation is done in-place when TOS1 supports it, and the resulting TOS may be (but does not have to be) the original TOS1.

INPLACE_POWER ¶

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 ** TOS .

INPLACE_MULTIPLY ¶

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 * TOS .

INPLACE_MATRIX_MULTIPLY ¶

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 @ TOS .

3.5 版新增。

INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE ¶

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 // TOS .

INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE ¶

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 / TOS .

INPLACE_MODULO ¶

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 % TOS .

INPLACE_ADD ¶

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 + TOS .

INPLACE_SUBTRACT ¶

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 - TOS .

INPLACE_LSHIFT ¶

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 << TOS .

INPLACE_RSHIFT ¶

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 >> TOS .

INPLACE_AND ¶

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 & TOS .

INPLACE_XOR ¶

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 ^ TOS .

INPLACE_OR ¶

Implements in-place TOS = TOS1 | TOS .

STORE_SUBSCR ¶

实现 TOS1[TOS] = TOS2 .

DELETE_SUBSCR ¶

实现 del TOS1[TOS] .

Coroutine opcodes

GET_AWAITABLE ¶

实现 TOS = get_awaitable(TOS) ，其中 get_awaitable(o) 返回 o if o is a coroutine object or a generator object with the CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE flag, or resolves o.__await__ .

3.5 版新增。

GET_AITER ¶

实现 TOS = get_awaitable(TOS.__aiter__()) 。见 GET_AWAITABLE for details about get_awaitable

3.5 版新增。

GET_ANEXT ¶

实现 PUSH(get_awaitable(TOS.__anext__())) 。见 GET_AWAITABLE for details about get_awaitable

3.5 版新增。

BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH ¶

Resolves __aenter__ and __aexit__ from the object on top of the stack. Pushes __aexit__ and result of __aenter__() to the stack.

3.5 版新增。

SETUP_ASYNC_WITH ¶

创建新的帧对象。

3.5 版新增。

Miscellaneous opcodes

PRINT_EXPR ¶

Implements the expression statement for the interactive mode. TOS is removed from the stack and printed. In non-interactive mode, an expression statement is terminated with POP_TOP .

BREAK_LOOP ¶

Terminates a loop due to a break 语句。

CONTINUE_LOOP ( target ) ¶

Continues a loop due to a continue 语句。 target is the address to jump to (which should be a FOR_ITER instruction).

SET_ADD ( i ) ¶

调用 set.add(TOS1[-i], TOS) . Used to implement set comprehensions.

LIST_APPEND ( i ) ¶

调用 list.append(TOS[-i], TOS) . Used to implement list comprehensions.

MAP_ADD ( i ) ¶

调用 dict.setitem(TOS1[-i], TOS, TOS1) . Used to implement dict comprehensions.

3.1 版新增。

For all of the SET_ADD , LIST_APPEND and MAP_ADD instructions, while the added value or key/value pair is popped off, the container object remains on the stack so that it is available for further iterations of the loop.

RETURN_VALUE ¶

Returns with TOS to the caller of the function.

YIELD_VALUE ¶

Pops TOS and yields it from a generator .

YIELD_FROM ¶

Pops TOS and delegates to it as a subiterator from a generator .

3.3 版新增。

SETUP_ANNOTATIONS ¶

Checks whether __annotations__ is defined in locals() , if not it is set up to an empty dict . This opcode is only emitted if a class or module body contains variable annotations statically.

3.6 版新增。

IMPORT_STAR ¶

Loads all symbols not starting with '_' directly from the module TOS to the local namespace. The module is popped after loading all names. This opcode implements from 模块 import * .

POP_BLOCK ¶

Removes one block from the block stack. Per frame, there is a stack of blocks, denoting nested loops, try statements, and such.

POP_EXCEPT ¶

Removes one block from the block stack. The popped block must be an exception handler block, as implicitly created when entering an except handler. In addition to popping extraneous values from the frame stack, the last three popped values are used to restore the exception state.

END_FINALLY ¶

Terminates a finally clause. The interpreter recalls whether the exception has to be re-raised, or whether the function returns, and continues with the outer-next block.

LOAD_BUILD_CLASS ¶

Pushes builtins.__build_class__() onto the stack. It is later called by CALL_FUNCTION to construct a class.

SETUP_WITH ( delta ) ¶

This opcode performs several operations before a with block starts. First, it loads __exit__() from the context manager and pushes it onto the stack for later use by WITH_CLEANUP . Then, __enter__() is called, and a finally block pointing to delta is pushed. Finally, the result of calling the enter method is pushed onto the stack. The next opcode will either ignore it ( POP_TOP ), or store it in (a) variable(s) ( STORE_FAST , STORE_NAME ，或 UNPACK_SEQUENCE ).

3.2 版新增。

WITH_CLEANUP_START ¶

Cleans up the stack when a with statement block exits. TOS is the context manager’s __exit__() bound method. Below TOS are 1–3 values indicating how/why the finally clause was entered:

• SECOND = None
• (SECOND, THIRD) = ( WHY_{RETURN,CONTINUE} ), retval
• SECOND = WHY_* ; no retval below it
• (SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH) = exc_info()

In the last case, TOS(SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH) is called, otherwise TOS(None, None, None) . Pushes SECOND and result of the call to the stack.

WITH_CLEANUP_FINISH ¶

Pops exception type and result of ‘exit’ function call from the stack.

If the stack represents an exception, and the function call returns a ‘true’ value, this information is “zapped” and replaced with a single WHY_SILENCED to prevent END_FINALLY from re-raising the exception. (But non-local gotos will still be resumed.)

All of the following opcodes use their arguments.

STORE_NAME ( namei ) ¶

实现 name = TOS . namei is the index of name in the attribute co_names of the code object. The compiler tries to use STORE_FAST or STORE_GLOBAL 若可能的话。

DELETE_NAME ( namei ) ¶

实现 del name ，其中 namei is the index into co_names attribute of the code object.

UNPACK_SEQUENCE ( count ) ¶

Unpacks TOS into count individual values, which are put onto the stack right-to-left.

UNPACK_EX ( counts ) ¶

Implements assignment with a starred target: Unpacks an iterable in TOS into individual values, where the total number of values can be smaller than the number of items in the iterable: one of the new values will be a list of all leftover items.

The low byte of counts is the number of values before the list value, the high byte of counts the number of values after it. The resulting values are put onto the stack right-to-left.

STORE_ATTR ( namei ) ¶

实现 TOS.name = TOS1 ，其中 namei is the index of name in co_names .

DELETE_ATTR ( namei ) ¶

实现 del TOS.name ，使用 namei as index into co_names .

STORE_GLOBAL ( namei ) ¶

Works as STORE_NAME , but stores the name as a global.

DELETE_GLOBAL ( namei ) ¶

Works as DELETE_NAME , but deletes a global name.

LOAD_CONST ( consti ) ¶

Pushes co_consts[consti] onto the stack.

LOAD_NAME ( namei ) ¶

Pushes the value associated with co_names[namei] onto the stack.

BUILD_TUPLE ( count ) ¶

Creates a tuple consuming count items from the stack, and pushes the resulting tuple onto the stack.

BUILD_LIST ( count ) ¶

Works as BUILD_TUPLE , but creates a list.

BUILD_SET ( count ) ¶

Works as BUILD_TUPLE , but creates a set.

BUILD_MAP ( count ) ¶

Pushes a new dictionary object onto the stack. Pops 2 * count items so that the dictionary holds count entries: {..., TOS3: TOS2, TOS1: TOS} .

3.5 版改变： The dictionary is created from stack items instead of creating an empty dictionary pre-sized to hold count items.

BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP ( count ) ¶

The version of BUILD_MAP specialized for constant keys. count values are consumed from the stack. The top element on the stack contains a tuple of keys.

3.6 版新增。

BUILD_STRING ( count ) ¶

Concatenates count strings from the stack and pushes the resulting string onto the stack.

3.6 版新增。

BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK ( count ) ¶

Pops count iterables from the stack, joins them in a single tuple, and pushes the result. Implements iterable unpacking in tuple displays (*x, *y, *z) .

3.5 版新增。

BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK_WITH_CALL ( count ) ¶

This is similar to BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK , but is used for f(*x, *y, *z) call syntax. The stack item at position count + 1 should be the corresponding callable f .

3.6 版新增。

BUILD_LIST_UNPACK ( count ) ¶

This is similar to BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK , but pushes a list instead of tuple. Implements iterable unpacking in list displays [*x, *y, *z] .

3.5 版新增。

BUILD_SET_UNPACK ( count ) ¶

This is similar to BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK , but pushes a set instead of tuple. Implements iterable unpacking in set displays {*x, *y, *z} .

3.5 版新增。

BUILD_MAP_UNPACK ( count ) ¶

Pops count mappings from the stack, merges them into a single dictionary, and pushes the result. Implements dictionary unpacking in dictionary displays {**x, **y, **z} .

3.5 版新增。

BUILD_MAP_UNPACK_WITH_CALL ( count ) ¶

This is similar to BUILD_MAP_UNPACK , but is used for f(**x, **y, **z) call syntax. The stack item at position count + 2 should be the corresponding callable f .

3.5 版新增。

3.6 版改变： The position of the callable is determined by adding 2 to the opcode argument instead of encoding it in the second byte of the argument.

LOAD_ATTR ( namei ) ¶

Replaces TOS with getattr(TOS, co_names[namei]) .

COMPARE_OP ( opname ) ¶

Performs a Boolean operation. The operation name can be found in cmp_op[opname] .

IMPORT_NAME ( namei ) ¶

Imports the module co_names[namei] . TOS and TOS1 are popped and provide the fromlist and level arguments of __import__() . The module object is pushed onto the stack. The current namespace is not affected: for a proper import statement, a subsequent STORE_FAST instruction modifies the namespace.

IMPORT_FROM ( namei ) ¶

Loads the attribute co_names[namei] from the module found in TOS. The resulting object is pushed onto the stack, to be subsequently stored by a STORE_FAST instruction.

JUMP_FORWARD ( delta ) ¶

Increments bytecode counter by delta .

POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE ( target ) ¶

If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to target . TOS is popped.

3.1 版新增。

POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE ( target ) ¶

If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to target . TOS is popped.

3.1 版新增。

JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP ( target ) ¶

If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to target and leaves TOS on the stack. Otherwise (TOS is false), TOS is popped.

3.1 版新增。

JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP ( target ) ¶

If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to target and leaves TOS on the stack. Otherwise (TOS is true), TOS is popped.

3.1 版新增。

JUMP_ABSOLUTE ( target ) ¶

将字节码计数器设为 target .

FOR_ITER ( delta ) ¶

TOS is an iterator . Call its __next__() method. If this yields a new value, push it on the stack (leaving the iterator below it). If the iterator indicates it is exhausted TOS is popped, and the byte code counter is incremented by delta .

LOAD_GLOBAL ( namei ) ¶

Loads the global named co_names[namei] onto the stack.

SETUP_LOOP ( delta ) ¶

Pushes a block for a loop onto the block stack. The block spans from the current instruction with a size of delta 字节。

SETUP_EXCEPT ( delta ) ¶

Pushes a try block from a try-except clause onto the block stack. delta points to the first except block.

SETUP_FINALLY ( delta ) ¶

Pushes a try block from a try-except clause onto the block stack. delta points to the finally block.

LOAD_FAST ( var_num ) ¶

Pushes a reference to the local co_varnames[var_num] onto the stack.

STORE_FAST ( var_num ) ¶

Stores TOS into the local co_varnames[var_num] .

DELETE_FAST ( var_num ) ¶

删除本地 co_varnames[var_num] .

STORE_ANNOTATION ( namei ) ¶

存储 TOS 作为 locals()['__annotations__'][co_names[namei]] = TOS .

3.6 版新增。

LOAD_CLOSURE ( i ) ¶

Pushes a reference to the cell contained in slot i of the cell and free variable storage. The name of the variable is co_cellvars[i] if i is less than the length of co_cellvars . Otherwise it is co_freevars[i - len(co_cellvars)] .

LOAD_DEREF ( i ) ¶

Loads the cell contained in slot i of the cell and free variable storage. Pushes a reference to the object the cell contains on the stack.

LOAD_CLASSDEREF ( i ) ¶

Much like LOAD_DEREF but first checks the locals dictionary before consulting the cell. This is used for loading free variables in class bodies.

3.4 版新增。

STORE_DEREF ( i ) ¶

Stores TOS into the cell contained in slot i of the cell and free variable storage.

DELETE_DEREF ( i ) ¶

Empties the cell contained in slot i of the cell and free variable storage. Used by the del 语句。

3.2 版新增。

RAISE_VARARGS ( argc ) ¶

Raises an exception. argc indicates the number of arguments to the raise statement, ranging from 0 to 3. The handler will find the traceback as TOS2, the parameter as TOS1, and the exception as TOS.

CALL_FUNCTION ( argc ) ¶

Calls a callable object with positional arguments. argc indicates the number of positional arguments. The top of the stack contains positional arguments, with the right-most argument on top. Below the arguments is a callable object to call. CALL_FUNCTION pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack, calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value returned by the callable object.

3.6 版改变： This opcode is used only for calls with positional arguments.

CALL_FUNCTION_KW ( argc ) ¶

Calls a callable object with positional (if any) and keyword arguments. argc indicates the total number of positional and keyword arguments. The top element on the stack contains a tuple of keyword argument names. Below that are keyword arguments in the order corresponding to the tuple. Below that are positional arguments, with the right-most parameter on top. Below the arguments is a callable object to call. CALL_FUNCTION_KW pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack, calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value returned by the callable object.

3.6 版改变： Keyword arguments are packed in a tuple instead of a dictionary, argc indicates the total number of arguments.

CALL_FUNCTION_EX ( flags ) ¶

Calls a callable object with variable set of positional and keyword arguments. If the lowest bit of flags is set, the top of the stack contains a mapping object containing additional keyword arguments. Below that is an iterable object containing positional arguments and a callable object to call. BUILD_MAP_UNPACK_WITH_CALL and BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK_WITH_CALL can be used for merging multiple mapping objects and iterables containing arguments. Before the callable is called, the mapping object and iterable object are each “unpacked” and their contents passed in as keyword and positional arguments respectively. CALL_FUNCTION_EX pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack, calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value returned by the callable object.

3.6 版新增。

MAKE_FUNCTION ( argc ) ¶

Pushes a new function object on the stack. From bottom to top, the consumed stack must consist of values if the argument carries a specified flag value

• 0x01 a tuple of default values for positional-only and positional-or-keyword parameters in positional order
• 0x02 a dictionary of keyword-only parameters’ default values
• 0x04 an annotation dictionary
• 0x08 a tuple containing cells for free variables, making a closure
• the code associated with the function (at TOS1)
• the 合格名称 of the function (at TOS)

BUILD_SLICE ( argc ) ¶

Pushes a slice object on the stack. argc must be 2 or 3. If it is 2, slice(TOS1, TOS) is pushed; if it is 3, slice(TOS2, TOS1, TOS) is pushed. See the slice() built-in function for more information.

EXTENDED_ARG ( ext ) ¶

Prefixes any opcode which has an argument too big to fit into the default two bytes. ext holds two additional bytes which, taken together with the subsequent opcode’s argument, comprise a four-byte argument, ext being the two most-significant bytes.

FORMAT_VALUE ( flags ) ¶

Used for implementing formatted literal strings (f-strings). Pops an optional fmt_spec from the stack, then a required value . flags is interpreted as follows:

• (flags & 0x03) == 0x00 : value is formatted as-is.
• (flags & 0x03) == 0x01 : call str() on value before formatting it.
• (flags & 0x03) == 0x02 : call repr() on value before formatting it.
• (flags & 0x03) == 0x03 : call ascii() on value before formatting it.
• (flags & 0x04) == 0x04 : pop fmt_spec from the stack and use it, else use an empty fmt_spec .

Formatting is performed using PyObject_Format() . The result is pushed on the stack.

3.6 版新增。

HAVE_ARGUMENT ¶

This is not really an opcode. It identifies the dividing line between opcodes which don’t use their argument and those that do ( < HAVE_ARGUMENT and >= HAVE_ARGUMENT , respectively).

3.6 版改变： Now every instruction has an argument, but opcodes < HAVE_ARGUMENT ignore it. Before, only opcodes >= HAVE_ARGUMENT had an argument.

32.12.4. 操作码集合 ¶

These collections are provided for automatic introspection of bytecode instructions:

dis. opname ¶

Sequence of operation names, indexable using the bytecode.

dis. opmap ¶

Dictionary mapping operation names to bytecodes.

dis. cmp_op ¶

Sequence of all compare operation names.

dis. hasconst ¶

Sequence of bytecodes that access a constant.

dis. hasfree ¶

Sequence of bytecodes that access a free variable (note that ‘free’ in this context refers to names in the current scope that are referenced by inner scopes or names in outer scopes that are referenced from this scope. It does not include references to global or builtin scopes).

dis. hasname ¶

Sequence of bytecodes that access an attribute by name.

dis. hasjrel ¶

Sequence of bytecodes that have a relative jump target.

dis. hasjabs ¶

Sequence of bytecodes that have an absolute jump target.

dis. haslocal ¶

Sequence of bytecodes that access a local variable.

dis. hascompare ¶

Sequence of bytecodes of Boolean operations.