29.12. inspect — 审查存活对象 ¶

29.12.1. 类型和成员 ¶

getmembers() function retrieves the members of an object such as a class or module. The functions whose names begin with “is” are mainly provided as convenient choices for the second argument to getmembers() . They also help you determine when you can expect to find the following special attributes:

inspect. getmembers ( object [ , predicate ] ) ¶

Return all the members of an object in a list of (name, value) pairs sorted by name. If the optional predicate argument is supplied, only members for which the predicate returns a true value are included.

注意

getmembers() will only return class attributes defined in the metaclass when the argument is a class and those attributes have been listed in the metaclass’ custom __dir__() .

inspect. getmodulename ( path ) ¶

Return the name of the module named by the file path , without including the names of enclosing packages. The file extension is checked against all of the entries in importlib.machinery.all_suffixes() . If it matches, the final path component is returned with the extension removed. Otherwise, None 被返回。

Note that this function only returns a meaningful name for actual Python modules - paths that potentially refer to Python packages will still return None .

3.3 版改变： The function is based directly on importlib .

inspect. ismodule ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is a module.

inspect. isclass ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is a class, whether built-in or created in Python code.

inspect. ismethod ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is a bound method written in Python.

inspect. isfunction ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is a Python function, which includes functions created by a lambda 表达式。

inspect. isgeneratorfunction ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is a Python generator function.

inspect. isgenerator ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is a generator.

inspect. iscoroutinefunction ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is a 协程函数 (a function defined with an async def syntax).

3.5 版新增。

inspect. iscoroutine ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is a 协程 created by an async def 函数。

3.5 版新增。

inspect. isawaitable ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object can be used in await 表达式。

Can also be used to distinguish generator-based coroutines from regular generators:

def gen():
    yield
@types.coroutine
def gen_coro():
    yield
assert not isawaitable(gen())
assert isawaitable(gen_coro())
										

3.5 版新增。

inspect. isasyncgenfunction ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is an 异步生成器 function, for example:

>>> async def agen():
...     yield 1
...
>>> inspect.isasyncgenfunction(agen)
True
										

3.6 版新增。

inspect. isasyncgen ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is an asynchronous generator iterator created by an 异步生成器 函数。

3.6 版新增。

inspect. istraceback ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is a traceback.

inspect. isframe ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is a frame.

inspect. iscode ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is a code.

inspect. isbuiltin ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is a built-in function or a bound built-in method.

inspect. isroutine ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is a user-defined or built-in function or method.

inspect. isabstract ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is an abstract base class.

inspect. ismethoddescriptor ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is a method descriptor, but not if ismethod() , isclass() , isfunction() or isbuiltin() are true.

This, for example, is true of int.__add__ . An object passing this test has a __get__() method but not a __set__() method, but beyond that the set of attributes varies. A __name__ attribute is usually sensible, and __doc__ often is.

Methods implemented via descriptors that also pass one of the other tests return false from the ismethoddescriptor() test, simply because the other tests promise more – you can, e.g., count on having the __func__ attribute (etc) when an object passes ismethod() .

inspect. isdatadescriptor ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is a data descriptor.

Data descriptors have both a __get__ 和 __set__ method. Examples are properties (defined in Python), getsets, and members. The latter two are defined in C and there are more specific tests available for those types, which is robust across Python implementations. Typically, data descriptors will also have __name__ and __doc__ attributes (properties, getsets, and members have both of these attributes), but this is not guaranteed.

inspect. isgetsetdescriptor ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is a getset descriptor.

CPython 实现细节： getsets are attributes defined in extension modules via PyGetSetDef structures. For Python implementations without such types, this method will always return False .

inspect. ismemberdescriptor ( object ) ¶

Return true if the object is a member descriptor.

CPython 实现细节： Member descriptors are attributes defined in extension modules via PyMemberDef structures. For Python implementations without such types, this method will always return False .

29.12.2. 检索源代码 ¶

inspect. getdoc ( object ) ¶

Get the documentation string for an object, cleaned up with cleandoc() . If the documentation string for an object is not provided and the object is a class, a method, a property or a descriptor, retrieve the documentation string from the inheritance hierarchy.

3.5 版改变： Documentation strings are now inherited if not overridden.

inspect. getcomments ( object ) ¶

Return in a single string any lines of comments immediately preceding the object’s source code (for a class, function, or method), or at the top of the Python source file (if the object is a module). If the object’s source code is unavailable, return None . This could happen if the object has been defined in C or the interactive shell.

inspect. getfile ( object ) ¶

Return the name of the (text or binary) file in which an object was defined. This will fail with a TypeError if the object is a built-in module, class, or function.

inspect. getmodule ( object ) ¶

Try to guess which module an object was defined in.

inspect. getsourcefile ( object ) ¶

Return the name of the Python source file in which an object was defined. This will fail with a TypeError if the object is a built-in module, class, or function.

inspect. getsourcelines ( object ) ¶

Return a list of source lines and starting line number for an object. The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame, or code object. The source code is returned as a list of the lines corresponding to the object and the line number indicates where in the original source file the first line of code was found. An OSError is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved.

3.3 版改变： OSError is raised instead of IOError , now an alias of the former.

inspect. getsource ( object ) ¶

Return the text of the source code for an object. The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame, or code object. The source code is returned as a single string. An OSError is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved.

3.3 版改变： OSError is raised instead of IOError , now an alias of the former.

inspect. cleandoc ( doc ) ¶

Clean up indentation from docstrings that are indented to line up with blocks of code.

All leading whitespace is removed from the first line. Any leading whitespace that can be uniformly removed from the second line onwards is removed. Empty lines at the beginning and end are subsequently removed. Also, all tabs are expanded to spaces.

29.12.3. Introspecting callables with the Signature object ¶

The Signature object represents the call signature of a callable object and its return annotation. To retrieve a Signature object, use the signature() 函数。

inspect. signature ( callable , * , follow_wrapped=True ) ¶

返回 Signature object for the given callable :

>>> from inspect import signature
>>> def foo(a, *, b:int, **kwargs):
...     pass
>>> sig = signature(foo)
>>> str(sig)
'(a, *, b:int, **kwargs)'
>>> str(sig.parameters['b'])
'b:int'
>>> sig.parameters['b'].annotation
<class 'int'>
										

Accepts a wide range of python callables, from plain functions and classes to functools.partial() 对象。

引发 ValueError if no signature can be provided, and TypeError if that type of object is not supported.

3.5 版新增： follow_wrapped parameter. Pass False to get a signature of callable specifically ( callable.__wrapped__ will not be used to unwrap decorated callables.)

注意

Some callables may not be introspectable in certain implementations of Python. For example, in CPython, some built-in functions defined in C provide no metadata about their arguments.

class inspect. Signature ( parameters=None , * , return_annotation=Signature.empty ) ¶

A Signature object represents the call signature of a function and its return annotation. For each parameter accepted by the function it stores a Parameter object in its 参数 collection.

可选 参数 argument is a sequence of Parameter objects, which is validated to check that there are no parameters with duplicate names, and that the parameters are in the right order, i.e. positional-only first, then positional-or-keyword, and that parameters with defaults follow parameters without defaults.

可选 return_annotation argument, can be an arbitrary Python object, is the “return” annotation of the callable.

Signature objects are immutable 。使用 Signature.replace() to make a modified copy.

3.5 版改变： Signature objects are picklable and hashable.

empty ¶

A special class-level marker to specify absence of a return annotation.

参数 ¶

An ordered mapping of parameters’ names to the corresponding Parameter 对象。

return_annotation ¶

The “return” annotation for the callable. If the callable has no “return” annotation, this attribute is set to Signature.empty .

bind ( *args , **kwargs ) ¶

Create a mapping from positional and keyword arguments to parameters. Returns BoundArguments if *args and **kwargs match the signature, or raises a TypeError .

bind_partial ( *args , **kwargs ) ¶

Works the same way as Signature.bind() , but allows the omission of some required arguments (mimics functools.partial() behavior.) Returns BoundArguments , or raises a TypeError if the passed arguments do not match the signature.

replace ( *[, parameters][, return_annotation] ) ¶

Create a new Signature instance based on the instance replace was invoked on. It is possible to pass different 参数 and/or return_annotation to override the corresponding properties of the base signature. To remove return_annotation from the copied Signature, pass in Signature.empty .

>>> def test(a, b):
...     pass
>>> sig = signature(test)
>>> new_sig = sig.replace(return_annotation="new return anno")
>>> str(new_sig)
"(a, b) -> 'new return anno'"
												

classmethod from_callable ( obj , * , follow_wrapped=True ) ¶

返回 Signature (or its subclass) object for a given callable obj . Pass follow_wrapped=False to get a signature of obj without unwrapping its __wrapped__ chain.

This method simplifies subclassing of Signature :

class MySignature(Signature):
    pass
sig = MySignature.from_callable(min)
assert isinstance(sig, MySignature)
												

3.5 版新增。

class inspect. Parameter ( name , kind , * , default=Parameter.empty , annotation=Parameter.empty ) ¶

Parameter objects are immutable . Instead of modifying a Parameter object, you can use Parameter.replace() to create a modified copy.

3.5 版改变： Parameter objects are picklable and hashable.

empty ¶

A special class-level marker to specify absence of default values and annotations.

name ¶

The name of the parameter as a string. The name must be a valid Python identifier.

CPython 实现细节： CPython generates implicit parameter names of the form .0 on the code objects used to implement comprehensions and generator expressions.

3.6 版改变： These parameter names are exposed by this module as names like implicit0 .

default ¶

The default value for the parameter. If the parameter has no default value, this attribute is set to Parameter.empty .

annotation ¶

The annotation for the parameter. If the parameter has no annotation, this attribute is set to Parameter.empty .

kind ¶

Describes how argument values are bound to the parameter. Possible values (accessible via Parameter , like Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY ):

Name	含义
POSITIONAL_ONLY	Value must be supplied as a positional argument. Python has no explicit syntax for defining positional-only parameters, but many built-in and extension module functions (especially those that accept only one or two parameters) accept them.
POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD	Value may be supplied as either a keyword or positional argument (this is the standard binding behaviour for functions implemented in Python.)
VAR_POSITIONAL	A tuple of positional arguments that aren’t bound to any other parameter. This corresponds to a *args parameter in a Python function definition.
KEYWORD_ONLY	Value must be supplied as a keyword argument. Keyword only parameters are those which appear after a * or *args entry in a Python function definition.
VAR_KEYWORD	A dict of keyword arguments that aren’t bound to any other parameter. This corresponds to a **kwargs parameter in a Python function definition.

Example: print all keyword-only arguments without default values:

>>> def foo(a, b, *, c, d=10):
...     pass
>>> sig = signature(foo)
>>> for param in sig.parameters.values():
...     if (param.kind == param.KEYWORD_ONLY and
...                        param.default is param.empty):
...         print('Parameter:', param)
Parameter: c
												

replace ( *[, name][, kind][, default][, annotation] ) ¶

Create a new Parameter instance based on the instance replaced was invoked on. To override a Parameter attribute, pass the corresponding argument. To remove a default value or/and an annotation from a Parameter, pass Parameter.empty .

>>> from inspect import Parameter
>>> param = Parameter('foo', Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY, default=42)
>>> str(param)
'foo=42'
>>> str(param.replace()) # Will create a shallow copy of 'param'
'foo=42'
>>> str(param.replace(default=Parameter.empty, annotation='spam'))
"foo:'spam'"
														

3.4 版改变： In Python 3.3 Parameter objects were allowed to have name 设为 None if their kind was set to POSITIONAL_ONLY . This is no longer permitted.

class inspect. BoundArguments ¶

Result of a Signature.bind() or Signature.bind_partial() call. Holds the mapping of arguments to the function’s parameters.

arguments ¶

An ordered, mutable mapping ( collections.OrderedDict ) of parameters’ names to arguments’ values. Contains only explicitly bound arguments. Changes in arguments will reflect in args and kwargs .

Should be used in conjunction with Signature.parameters for any argument processing purposes.

注意

Arguments for which Signature.bind() or Signature.bind_partial() relied on a default value are skipped. However, if needed, use BoundArguments.apply_defaults() to add them.

args ¶

A tuple of positional arguments values. Dynamically computed from the arguments 属性。

kwargs ¶

A dict of keyword arguments values. Dynamically computed from the arguments 属性。

signature ¶

A reference to the parent Signature 对象。

apply_defaults ( ) ¶

Set default values for missing arguments.

For variable-positional arguments ( *args ) the default is an empty tuple.

For variable-keyword arguments ( **kwargs ) the default is an empty dict.

>>> def foo(a, b='ham', *args): pass
>>> ba = inspect.signature(foo).bind('spam')
>>> ba.apply_defaults()
>>> ba.arguments
OrderedDict([('a', 'spam'), ('b', 'ham'), ('args', ())])
												

3.5 版新增。

args and kwargs properties can be used to invoke functions:

def test(a, *, b):
    ...
sig = signature(test)
ba = sig.bind(10, b=20)
test(*ba.args, **ba.kwargs)
										

29.12.4. Classes and functions ¶

inspect. getclasstree ( 类 , unique=False ) ¶

Arrange the given list of classes into a hierarchy of nested lists. Where a nested list appears, it contains classes derived from the class whose entry immediately precedes the list. Each entry is a 2-tuple containing a class and a tuple of its base classes. If the unique argument is true, exactly one entry appears in the returned structure for each class in the given list. Otherwise, classes using multiple inheritance and their descendants will appear multiple times.

inspect. getargspec ( func ) ¶

Get the names and default values of a Python function’s parameters. A 命名元组 ArgSpec(args, varargs, keywords, defaults) 被返回。 args is a list of the parameter names. varargs and keywords are the names of the * and ** parameters or None . defaults is a tuple of default argument values or None if there are no default arguments; if this tuple has n elements, they correspond to the last n elements listed in args .

Deprecated since version 3.0: 使用 getfullargspec() for an updated API that is usually a drop-in replacement, but also correctly handles function annotations and keyword-only parameters.

Alternatively, use signature() and Signature Object , which provide a more structured introspection API for callables.

inspect. getfullargspec ( func ) ¶

Get the names and default values of a Python function’s parameters. A 命名元组 is returned:

FullArgSpec(args, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults, annotations)

args is a list of the positional parameter names. varargs is the name of the * parameter or None if arbitrary positional arguments are not accepted. varkw is the name of the ** parameter or None if arbitrary keyword arguments are not accepted. defaults 是 n -tuple of default argument values corresponding to the last n positional parameters, or None if there are no such defaults defined. kwonlyargs is a list of keyword-only parameter names. kwonlydefaults is a dictionary mapping parameter names from kwonlyargs to the default values used if no argument is supplied. annotations is a dictionary mapping parameter names to annotations. The special key "return" is used to report the function return value annotation (if any).

注意， signature() and Signature Object provide the recommended API for callable introspection, and support additional behaviours (like positional-only arguments) that are sometimes encountered in extension module APIs. This function is retained primarily for use in code that needs to maintain compatibility with the Python 2 inspect module API.

3.4 版改变： This function is now based on signature() , but still ignores __wrapped__ attributes and includes the already bound first parameter in the signature output for bound methods.

3.6 版改变： This method was previously documented as deprecated in favour of signature() in Python 3.5, but that decision has been reversed in order to restore a clearly supported standard interface for single-source Python 2/3 code migrating away from the legacy getargspec() API.

inspect. getargvalues ( frame ) ¶

Get information about arguments passed into a particular frame. A 命名元组 ArgInfo(args, varargs, keywords, locals) 被返回。 args is a list of the argument names. varargs and keywords are the names of the * and ** arguments or None . locals is the locals dictionary of the given frame.

注意

This function was inadvertently marked as deprecated in Python 3.5.

inspect. formatargspec ( args [ , varargs , varkw , defaults , kwonlyargs , kwonlydefaults , annotations [ , formatarg , formatvarargs , formatvarkw , formatvalue , formatreturns , formatannotations ] ] ) ¶

Format a pretty argument spec from the values returned by getfullargspec() .

The first seven arguments are ( args , varargs , varkw , defaults , kwonlyargs , kwonlydefaults , annotations ).

The other six arguments are functions that are called to turn argument names, * argument name, ** argument name, default values, return annotation and individual annotations into strings, respectively.

例如：

>>> from inspect import formatargspec, getfullargspec
>>> def f(a: int, b: float):
...     pass
...
>>> formatargspec(*getfullargspec(f))
'(a: int, b: float)'
										

从 3.5 版起弃用： 使用 signature() and Signature Object , which provide a better introspecting API for callables.

inspect. formatargvalues ( args [ , varargs , varkw , locals , formatarg , formatvarargs , formatvarkw , formatvalue ] ) ¶

Format a pretty argument spec from the four values returned by getargvalues() . The format* arguments are the corresponding optional formatting functions that are called to turn names and values into strings.

注意

This function was inadvertently marked as deprecated in Python 3.5.

inspect. getmro ( cls ) ¶

Return a tuple of class cls’s base classes, including cls, in method resolution order. No class appears more than once in this tuple. Note that the method resolution order depends on cls’s type. Unless a very peculiar user-defined metatype is in use, cls will be the first element of the tuple.

inspect. getcallargs ( func , *args , **kwds ) ¶

Bind the args and kwds to the argument names of the Python function or method func , as if it was called with them. For bound methods, bind also the first argument (typically named self ) to the associated instance. A dict is returned, mapping the argument names (including the names of the * and ** arguments, if any) to their values from args and kwds . In case of invoking func incorrectly, i.e. whenever func(*args, **kwds) would raise an exception because of incompatible signature, an exception of the same type and the same or similar message is raised. For example:

>>> from inspect import getcallargs
>>> def f(a, b=1, *pos, **named):
...     pass
>>> getcallargs(f, 1, 2, 3) == {'a': 1, 'named': {}, 'b': 2, 'pos': (3,)}
True
>>> getcallargs(f, a=2, x=4) == {'a': 2, 'named': {'x': 4}, 'b': 1, 'pos': ()}
True
>>> getcallargs(f)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: f() missing 1 required positional argument: 'a'
										

3.2 版新增。

从 3.5 版起弃用： 使用 Signature.bind() and Signature.bind_partial() 代替。

inspect. getclosurevars ( func ) ¶

Get the mapping of external name references in a Python function or method func to their current values. A 命名元组 ClosureVars(nonlocals, globals, builtins, unbound) 被返回。 nonlocals maps referenced names to lexical closure variables, globals to the function’s module globals and builtins to the builtins visible from the function body. unbound is the set of names referenced in the function that could not be resolved at all given the current module globals and builtins.

TypeError is raised if func is not a Python function or method.

3.3 版新增。

inspect. unwrap ( func , * , stop=None ) ¶

Get the object wrapped by func . It follows the chain of __wrapped__ attributes returning the last object in the chain.

stop is an optional callback accepting an object in the wrapper chain as its sole argument that allows the unwrapping to be terminated early if the callback returns a true value. If the callback never returns a true value, the last object in the chain is returned as usual. For example, signature() uses this to stop unwrapping if any object in the chain has a __signature__ attribute defined.

ValueError is raised if a cycle is encountered.

3.4 版新增。

29.12.5. The interpreter stack ¶

When the following functions return “frame records,” each record is a 命名元组 FrameInfo(frame, filename, lineno, function, code_context, index) . The tuple contains the frame object, the filename, the line number of the current line, the function name, a list of lines of context from the source code, and the index of the current line within that list.

def handle_stackframe_without_leak():
    frame = inspect.currentframe()
    try:
        # do something with the frame
    finally:
        del frame
									

可选 context argument supported by most of these functions specifies the number of lines of context to return, which are centered around the current line.

inspect. getframeinfo ( frame , context=1 ) ¶

Get information about a frame or traceback object. A 命名元组 Traceback(filename, lineno, function, code_context, index) 被返回。

inspect. getouterframes ( frame , context=1 ) ¶

Get a list of frame records for a frame and all outer frames. These frames represent the calls that lead to the creation of frame . The first entry in the returned list represents frame ; the last entry represents the outermost call on frame ’s stack.

3.5 版改变： A list of named tuples FrameInfo(frame, filename, lineno, function, code_context, index) 被返回。

inspect. getinnerframes ( traceback , context=1 ) ¶

Get a list of frame records for a traceback’s frame and all inner frames. These frames represent calls made as a consequence of frame . The first entry in the list represents traceback ; the last entry represents where the exception was raised.

3.5 版改变： A list of named tuples FrameInfo(frame, filename, lineno, function, code_context, index) 被返回。

inspect. currentframe ( ) ¶

Return the frame object for the caller’s stack frame.

CPython 实现细节： This function relies on Python stack frame support in the interpreter, which isn’t guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python. If running in an implementation without Python stack frame support this function returns None .

inspect. stack ( context=1 ) ¶

Return a list of frame records for the caller’s stack. The first entry in the returned list represents the caller; the last entry represents the outermost call on the stack.

3.5 版改变： A list of named tuples FrameInfo(frame, filename, lineno, function, code_context, index) 被返回。

inspect. trace ( context=1 ) ¶

Return a list of frame records for the stack between the current frame and the frame in which an exception currently being handled was raised in. The first entry in the list represents the caller; the last entry represents where the exception was raised.

3.5 版改变： A list of named tuples FrameInfo(frame, filename, lineno, function, code_context, index) 被返回。

29.12.6. Fetching attributes statically ¶

Both getattr() and hasattr() can trigger code execution when fetching or checking for the existence of attributes. Descriptors, like properties, will be invoked and __getattr__() and __getattribute__() may be called.

For cases where you want passive introspection, like documentation tools, this can be inconvenient. getattr_static() has the same signature as getattr() but avoids executing code when it fetches attributes.

inspect. getattr_static ( obj , attr , default=None ) ¶

Retrieve attributes without triggering dynamic lookup via the descriptor protocol, __getattr__() or __getattribute__() .

Note: this function may not be able to retrieve all attributes that getattr can fetch (like dynamically created attributes) and may find attributes that getattr can’t (like descriptors that raise AttributeError). It can also return descriptors objects instead of instance members.

If the instance __dict__ is shadowed by another member (for example a property) then this function will be unable to find instance members.

3.2 版新增。

getattr_static() does not resolve descriptors, for example slot descriptors or getset descriptors on objects implemented in C. The descriptor object is returned instead of the underlying attribute.

You can handle these with code like the following. Note that for arbitrary getset descriptors invoking these may trigger code execution:

# example code for resolving the builtin descriptor types
class _foo:
    __slots__ = ['foo']
slot_descriptor = type(_foo.foo)
getset_descriptor = type(type(open(__file__)).name)
wrapper_descriptor = type(str.__dict__['__add__'])
descriptor_types = (slot_descriptor, getset_descriptor, wrapper_descriptor)
result = getattr_static(some_object, 'foo')
if type(result) in descriptor_types:
    try:
        result = result.__get__()
    except AttributeError:
        # descriptors can raise AttributeError to
        # indicate there is no underlying value
        # in which case the descriptor itself will
        # have to do
        pass
								

29.12.7. Current State of Generators and Coroutines ¶

When implementing coroutine schedulers and for other advanced uses of generators, it is useful to determine whether a generator is currently executing, is waiting to start or resume or execution, or has already terminated. getgeneratorstate() allows the current state of a generator to be determined easily.

inspect. getgeneratorstate ( generator ) ¶

Get current state of a generator-iterator.

Possible states are:

• GEN_CREATED: Waiting to start execution.
• GEN_RUNNING: Currently being executed by the interpreter.
• GEN_SUSPENDED: Currently suspended at a yield expression.
• GEN_CLOSED: Execution has completed.

3.2 版新增。

inspect. getcoroutinestate ( 协程 ) ¶

Get current state of a coroutine object. The function is intended to be used with coroutine objects created by async def functions, but will accept any coroutine-like object that has cr_running and cr_frame 属性。

Possible states are:

• CORO_CREATED: Waiting to start execution.
• CORO_RUNNING: Currently being executed by the interpreter.
• CORO_SUSPENDED: Currently suspended at an await expression.
• CORO_CLOSED: Execution has completed.

3.5 版新增。

The current internal state of the generator can also be queried. This is mostly useful for testing purposes, to ensure that internal state is being updated as expected:

inspect. getgeneratorlocals ( generator ) ¶

Get the mapping of live local variables in generator to their current values. A dictionary is returned that maps from variable names to values. This is the equivalent of calling locals() in the body of the generator, and all the same caveats apply.

若 generator 是 generator with no currently associated frame, then an empty dictionary is returned. TypeError is raised if generator is not a Python generator object.

CPython 实现细节： This function relies on the generator exposing a Python stack frame for introspection, which isn’t guaranteed to be the case in all implementations of Python. In such cases, this function will always return an empty dictionary.

3.3 版新增。

inspect. getcoroutinelocals ( 协程 ) ¶

This function is analogous to getgeneratorlocals() , but works for coroutine objects created by async def 函数。

3.5 版新增。

29.12.8. Code Objects Bit Flags ¶

Python code objects have a co_flags attribute, which is a bitmap of the following flags:

inspect. CO_OPTIMIZED ¶

The code object is optimized, using fast locals.

inspect. CO_NEWLOCALS ¶

If set, a new dict will be created for the frame’s f_locals when the code object is executed.

inspect. CO_VARARGS ¶

The code object has a variable positional parameter ( *args -like).

inspect. CO_VARKEYWORDS ¶

The code object has a variable keyword parameter ( **kwargs -like).

inspect. CO_NESTED ¶

The flag is set when the code object is a nested function.

inspect. CO_GENERATOR ¶

The flag is set when the code object is a generator function, i.e. a generator object is returned when the code object is executed.

inspect. CO_NOFREE ¶

The flag is set if there are no free or cell variables.

inspect. CO_COROUTINE ¶

The flag is set when the code object is a coroutine function. When the code object is executed it returns a coroutine object. See PEP 492 了解更多细节。

3.5 版新增。

inspect. CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE ¶

The flag is used to transform generators into generator-based coroutines. Generator objects with this flag can be used in await expression, and can yield from coroutine objects. See PEP 492 了解更多细节。

3.5 版新增。

inspect. CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR ¶

The flag is set when the code object is an asynchronous generator function. When the code object is executed it returns an asynchronous generator object. See PEP 525 了解更多细节。

3.6 版新增。

29.12.9. Command Line Interface ¶

inspect module also provides a basic introspection capability from the command line.

By default, accepts the name of a module and prints the source of that module. A class or function within the module can be printed instead by appended a colon and the qualified name of the target object.

--details ¶

Print information about the specified object rather than the source code