21.16. nntplib — NNTP 协议客户端 ¶

21.16.1.1. Attributes ¶

NNTP. nntp_version ¶

An integer representing the version of the NNTP protocol supported by the server. In practice, this should be 2 for servers advertising RFC 3977 compliance and 1 for others.

3.2 版新增。

NNTP. nntp_implementation ¶

A string describing the software name and version of the NNTP server, or None if not advertised by the server.

3.2 版新增。

21.16.1.2. Methods ¶

response that is returned as the first item in the return tuple of almost all methods is the server’s response: a string beginning with a three-digit code. If the server’s response indicates an error, the method raises one of the above exceptions.

Many of the following methods take an optional keyword-only argument file . When the file argument is supplied, it must be either a 文件对象 opened for binary writing, or the name of an on-disk file to be written to. The method will then write any data returned by the server (except for the response line and the terminating dot) to the file; any list of lines, tuples or objects that the method normally returns will be empty.

NNTP. quit ( ) ¶

发送 QUIT command and close the connection. Once this method has been called, no other methods of the NNTP object should be called.

NNTP. getwelcome ( ) ¶

Return the welcome message sent by the server in reply to the initial connection. (This message sometimes contains disclaimers or help information that may be relevant to the user.)

NNTP. getcapabilities ( ) ¶

返回 RFC 3977 capabilities advertised by the server, as a dict instance mapping capability names to (possibly empty) lists of values. On legacy servers which don’t understand the CAPABILITIES command, an empty dictionary is returned instead.

>>> s = NNTP('news.gmane.org')
>>> 'POST' in s.getcapabilities()
True
											

3.2 版新增。

NNTP. login ( user=None , password=None , usenetrc=True ) ¶

发送 AUTHINFO commands with the user name and password. If user and password are None and usenetrc is true, credentials from ~/.netrc will be used if possible.

Unless intentionally delayed, login is normally performed during the NNTP object initialization and separately calling this function is unnecessary. To force authentication to be delayed, you must not set user or password when creating the object, and must set usenetrc to False.

3.2 版新增。

NNTP. starttls ( ssl_context=None ) ¶

发送 STARTTLS command. This will enable encryption on the NNTP connection. The ssl_context argument is optional and should be a ssl.SSLContext object. Please read 安全注意事项 for best practices.

Note that this may not be done after authentication information has been transmitted, and authentication occurs by default if possible during a NNTP object initialization. See NNTP.login() for information on suppressing this behavior.

3.2 版新增。

3.4 版改变： The method now supports hostname check with ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname and Server Name Indication (见 ssl.HAS_SNI ).

NNTP. newgroups ( date , * , file=None ) ¶

发送 NEWGROUPS command. The date argument should be a datetime.date or datetime.datetime object. Return a pair (response, groups) where groups is a list representing the groups that are new since the given date 。若 file is supplied, though, then groups will be empty.

>>> from datetime import date, timedelta
>>> resp, groups = s.newgroups(date.today() - timedelta(days=3))
>>> len(groups) # doctest: +SKIP
85
>>> groups[0] # doctest: +SKIP
GroupInfo(group='gmane.network.tor.devel', last='4', first='1', flag='m')
											

NNTP. newnews ( group , date , * , file=None ) ¶

发送 NEWNEWS command. Here, group is a group name or '*' ，和 date has the same meaning as for newgroups() . Return a pair (response, articles) where articles is a list of message ids.

This command is frequently disabled by NNTP server administrators.

NNTP. list ( group_pattern=None , * , file=None ) ¶

发送 LIST or LIST ACTIVE command. Return a pair (response, list) where list is a list of tuples representing all the groups available from this NNTP server, optionally matching the pattern string group_pattern . Each tuple has the form (group, last, first, flag) ，其中 group is a group name, last and first are the last and first article numbers, and flag usually takes one of these values:

• y : Local postings and articles from peers are allowed.
• m : The group is moderated and all postings must be approved.
• n : No local postings are allowed, only articles from peers.
• j : Articles from peers are filed in the junk group instead.
• x : No local postings, and articles from peers are ignored.
• =foo.bar : Articles are filed in the foo.bar group instead.

若 flag has another value, then the status of the newsgroup should be considered unknown.

This command can return very large results, especially if group_pattern is not specified. It is best to cache the results offline unless you really need to refresh them.

3.2 版改变： group_pattern 被添加。

NNTP. descriptions ( grouppattern ) ¶

发送 LIST NEWSGROUPS command, where grouppattern is a wildmat string as specified in RFC 3977 (it’s essentially the same as DOS or UNIX shell wildcard strings). Return a pair (response, descriptions) ，其中 descriptions is a dictionary mapping group names to textual descriptions.

>>> resp, descs = s.descriptions('gmane.comp.python.*')
>>> len(descs) # doctest: +SKIP
295
>>> descs.popitem() # doctest: +SKIP
('gmane.comp.python.bio.general', 'BioPython discussion list (Moderated)')
											

NNTP. description ( group ) ¶

Get a description for a single group group . If more than one group matches (if ‘group’ is a real wildmat string), return the first match. If no group matches, return an empty string.

This elides the response code from the server. If the response code is needed, use descriptions() .

NNTP. group ( name ) ¶

发送 GROUP command, where name is the group name. The group is selected as the current group, if it exists. Return a tuple (response, count, first, last, name) where count is the (estimated) number of articles in the group, first is the first article number in the group, last is the last article number in the group, and name is the group name.

NNTP. over ( message_spec , * , file=None ) ¶

Send an OVER command, or an XOVER command on legacy servers. message_spec can be either a string representing a message id, or a (first, last) tuple of numbers indicating a range of articles in the current group, or a (first, None) tuple indicating a range of articles starting from first to the last article in the current group, or None to select the current article in the current group.

Return a pair (response, overviews) . overviews is a list of (article_number, overview) tuples, one for each article selected by message_spec . Each 概述 is a dictionary with the same number of items, but this number depends on the server. These items are either message headers (the key is then the lower-cased header name) or metadata items (the key is then the metadata name prepended with ":" ). The following items are guaranteed to be present by the NNTP specification:

• the subject , from , date , message-id and references headers
• the :bytes metadata: the number of bytes in the entire raw article (including headers and body)
• the :lines metadata: the number of lines in the article body

The value of each item is either a string, or None if not present.

It is advisable to use the decode_header() function on header values when they may contain non-ASCII characters:

>>> _, _, first, last, _ = s.group('gmane.comp.python.devel')
>>> resp, overviews = s.over((last, last))
>>> art_num, over = overviews[0]
>>> art_num
117216
>>> list(over.keys())
['xref', 'from', ':lines', ':bytes', 'references', 'date', 'message-id', 'subject']
>>> over['from']
'=?UTF-8?B?Ik1hcnRpbiB2LiBMw7Z3aXMi?= <martin@v.loewis.de>'
>>> nntplib.decode_header(over['from'])
'"Martin v. Löwis" <martin@v.loewis.de>'
											

3.2 版新增。

NNTP. help ( * , file=None ) ¶

发送 HELP command. Return a pair (response, list) where list is a list of help strings.

NNTP. stat ( message_spec=None ) ¶

发送 STAT command, where message_spec is either a message id (enclosed in '<' and '>' ) or an article number in the current group. If message_spec 被省略或 None , the current article in the current group is considered. Return a triple (response, number, id) where number is the article number and id is the message id.

>>> _, _, first, last, _ = s.group('gmane.comp.python.devel')
>>> resp, number, message_id = s.stat(first)
>>> number, message_id
(9099, '<20030112190404.GE29873@epoch.metaslash.com>')
											

NNTP. next ( ) ¶

发送 NEXT command. Return as for stat() .

NNTP. last ( ) ¶

发送 LAST command. Return as for stat() .

NNTP. 文章 ( message_spec=None , * , file=None ) ¶

Send an ARTICLE command, where message_spec has the same meaning as for stat() . Return a tuple (response, info) where info 是 namedtuple with three attributes number , message_id and lines (in that order). number is the article number in the group (or 0 if the information is not available), message_id the message id as a string, and lines a list of lines (without terminating newlines) comprising the raw message including headers and body.

>>> resp, info = s.article('<20030112190404.GE29873@epoch.metaslash.com>')
>>> info.number
0
>>> info.message_id
'<20030112190404.GE29873@epoch.metaslash.com>'
>>> len(info.lines)
65
>>> info.lines[0]
b'Path: main.gmane.org!not-for-mail'
>>> info.lines[1]
b'From: Neal Norwitz <neal@metaslash.com>'
>>> info.lines[-3:]
[b'There is a patch for 2.3 as well as 2.2.', b'', b'Neal']
											

NNTP. head ( message_spec=None , * , file=None ) ¶

如同 article() , but sends a HEAD command. The lines returned (or written to file ) will only contain the message headers, not the body.

NNTP. body ( message_spec=None , * , file=None ) ¶

如同 article() , but sends a BODY command. The lines returned (or written to file ) will only contain the message body, not the headers.

NNTP. post ( data ) ¶

Post an article using the POST command. The data argument is either a 文件对象 opened for binary reading, or any iterable of bytes objects (representing raw lines of the article to be posted). It should represent a well-formed news article, including the required headers. The post() method automatically escapes lines beginning with . and appends the termination line.

If the method succeeds, the server’s response is returned. If the server refuses posting, a NNTPReplyError 被引发。

NNTP. ihave ( message_id , data ) ¶

Send an IHAVE 命令。 message_id is the id of the message to send to the server (enclosed in '<' and '>' ). The data parameter and the return value are the same as for post() .

NNTP. date ( ) ¶

Return a pair (response, date) . date 是 datetime object containing the current date and time of the server.

NNTP. slave ( ) ¶

发送 SLAVE command. Return the server’s response .

NNTP. set_debuglevel ( level ) ¶

Set the instance’s debugging level. This controls the amount of debugging output printed. The default, 0 , produces no debugging output. A value of 1 produces a moderate amount of debugging output, generally a single line per request or response. A value of 2 or higher produces the maximum amount of debugging output, logging each line sent and received on the connection (including message text).

The following are optional NNTP extensions defined in RFC 2980 . Some of them have been superseded by newer commands in RFC 3977 .

NNTP. xhdr ( hdr , str , * , file=None ) ¶

Send an XHDR command. The hdr argument is a header keyword, e.g. 'subject' 。 str argument should have the form 'first-last' where first and last are the first and last article numbers to search. Return a pair (response, list) ，其中 list is a list of pairs (id, text) ，其中 id is an article number (as a string) and text is the text of the requested header for that article. If the file parameter is supplied, then the output of the XHDR command is stored in a file. If file is a string, then the method will open a file with that name, write to it then close it. If file 是 文件对象 , then it will start calling write() on it to store the lines of the command output. If file is supplied, then the returned list is an empty list.

NNTP. xover ( start , end , * , file=None ) ¶

Send an XOVER 命令。 start and end are article numbers delimiting the range of articles to select. The return value is the same of for over() . It is recommended to use over() instead, since it will automatically use the newer OVER command if available.

NNTP. xpath ( id ) ¶

Return a pair (resp, path) ，其中 path is the directory path to the article with message ID id . Most of the time, this extension is not enabled by NNTP server administrators.

从 3.3 版起弃用： The XPATH extension is not actively used.