html.parser
— 简单 HTML 和 XHTML 剖析器
¶
源代码： Lib/html/parser.py
此模块定义的类
HTMLParser
其充当剖析 HTML (超文本标记语言) 和 XHTML 格式文本文件的基础。
html.parser.
HTMLParser
(
strict=False
,
*
,
convert_charrefs=False
)
¶
Create a parser instance.
若
convert_charrefs
is
True
(default:
False
), all character references (except the ones in
script
/
style
elements) are automatically converted to the corresponding Unicode characters. The use of
convert_charrefs=True
is encouraged and will become the default in Python 3.5.
若
strict
is
False
(the default), the parser will accept and parse invalid markup. If
strict
is
True
the parser will raise an
HTMLParseError
exception instead
[1]
when it’s not able to parse the markup. The use of
strict=True
is discouraged and the
strict
argument is deprecated.
An
HTMLParser
instance is fed HTML data and calls handler methods when start tags, end tags, text, comments, and other markup elements are encountered. The user should subclass
HTMLParser
and override its methods to implement the desired behavior.
This parser does not check that end tags match start tags or call the end-tag handler for elements which are closed implicitly by closing an outer element.
3.2 版改变： strict argument added.
Deprecated since version 3.3, will be removed in version 3.5: The strict argument and the strict mode have been deprecated. The parser is now able to accept and parse invalid markup too.
3.4 版改变： convert_charrefs keyword argument added.
An exception is defined as well:
html.parser.
HTMLParseError
¶
异常被引发通过
HTMLParser
class when it encounters an error while parsing and
strict
is
True
. This exception provides three attributes:
msg
is a brief message explaining the error,
lineno
is the number of the line on which the broken construct was detected, and
offset
is the number of characters into the line at which the construct starts.
Deprecated since version 3.3, will be removed in version 3.5: This exception has been deprecated because it’s never raised by the parser (when the default non-strict mode is used).
As a basic example, below is a simple HTML parser that uses the
HTMLParser
class to print out start tags, end tags, and data as they are encountered:
from html.parser import HTMLParser class MyHTMLParser(HTMLParser): def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs): print("Encountered a start tag:", tag) def handle_endtag(self, tag): print("Encountered an end tag :", tag) def handle_data(self, data): print("Encountered some data :", data) parser = MyHTMLParser() parser.feed('<html><head><title>Test</title></head>' '<body><h1>Parse me!</h1></body></html>')
The output will then be:
Encountered a start tag: html Encountered a start tag: head Encountered a start tag: title Encountered some data : Test Encountered an end tag : title Encountered an end tag : head Encountered a start tag: body Encountered a start tag: h1 Encountered some data : Parse me! Encountered an end tag : h1 Encountered an end tag : body Encountered an end tag : html
HTMLParser
方法
¶
HTMLParser
实例具有下列方法：
HTMLParser.
feed
(
data
)
¶
Feed some text to the parser. It is processed insofar as it consists of complete elements; incomplete data is buffered until more data is fed or
close()
被调用。
data
必须为
str
.
HTMLParser.
close
(
)
¶
Force processing of all buffered data as if it were followed by an end-of-file mark. This method may be redefined by a derived class to define additional processing at the end of the input, but the redefined version should always call the
HTMLParser
base class method
close()
.
HTMLParser.
reset
(
)
¶
Reset the instance. Loses all unprocessed data. This is called implicitly at instantiation time.
HTMLParser.
getpos
(
)
¶
Return current line number and offset.
HTMLParser.
get_starttag_text
(
)
¶
Return the text of the most recently opened start tag. This should not normally be needed for structured processing, but may be useful in dealing with HTML “as deployed” or for re-generating input with minimal changes (whitespace between attributes can be preserved, etc.).
The following methods are called when data or markup elements are encountered and they are meant to be overridden in a subclass. The base class implementations do nothing (except for
handle_startendtag()
):
HTMLParser.
handle_starttag
(
tag
,
attrs
)
¶
This method is called to handle the start of a tag (e.g.
<div id="main">
).
The
tag
argument is the name of the tag converted to lower case. The
attrs
argument is a list of
(name, value)
pairs containing the attributes found inside the tag’s
<>
brackets. The
name
will be translated to lower case, and quotes in the
value
have been removed, and character and entity references have been replaced.
For instance, for the tag
<A HREF="http://www.cwi.nl/">
, this method would be called as
handle_starttag('a', [('href', 'http://www.cwi.nl/')])
.
All entity references from
html.entities
are replaced in the attribute values.
HTMLParser.
handle_endtag
(
tag
)
¶
This method is called to handle the end tag of an element (e.g.
</div>
).
The tag argument is the name of the tag converted to lower case.
HTMLParser.
handle_startendtag
(
tag
,
attrs
)
¶
类似于
handle_starttag()
, but called when the parser encounters an XHTML-style empty tag (
<img ... />
). This method may be overridden by subclasses which require this particular lexical information; the default implementation simply calls
handle_starttag()
and
handle_endtag()
.
HTMLParser.
handle_data
(
data
)
¶
This method is called to process arbitrary data (e.g. text nodes and the content of
<script>...</script>
and
<style>...</style>
).
HTMLParser.
handle_entityref
(
name
)
¶
This method is called to process a named character reference of the form
&name;
(如
>
), where
name
is a general entity reference (e.g.
'gt'
). This method is never called if
convert_charrefs
is
True
.
HTMLParser.
handle_charref
(
name
)
¶
This method is called to process decimal and hexadecimal numeric character references of the form
&#NNN;
and
&#xNNN;
. For example, the decimal equivalent for
>
is
>
, whereas the hexadecimal is
>
; in this case the method will receive
'62'
or
'x3E'
. This method is never called if
convert_charrefs
is
True
.
HTMLParser.
handle_comment
(
data
)
¶
This method is called when a comment is encountered (e.g.
<!--comment-->
).
For example, the comment
<!-- comment -->
will cause this method to be called with the argument
' comment '
.
The content of Internet Explorer conditional comments (condcoms) will also be sent to this method, so, for
<!--[if IE 9]>IE9-specific content<![endif]-->
, this method will receive
'[if IE 9]>IE9-specific content<![endif]'
.
HTMLParser.
handle_decl
(
decl
)
¶
This method is called to handle an HTML doctype declaration (e.g.
<!DOCTYPE html>
).
The
decl
parameter will be the entire contents of the declaration inside the
<!...>
markup (e.g.
'DOCTYPE html'
).
HTMLParser.
handle_pi
(
data
)
¶
Method called when a processing instruction is encountered. The
data
parameter will contain the entire processing instruction. For example, for the processing instruction
<?proc color='red'>
, this method would be called as
handle_pi("proc color='red'")
. It is intended to be overridden by a derived class; the base class implementation does nothing.
注意
The
HTMLParser
class uses the SGML syntactic rules for processing instructions. An XHTML processing instruction using the trailing
'?'
will cause the
'?'
to be included in
data
.
HTMLParser.
unknown_decl
(
data
)
¶
This method is called when an unrecognized declaration is read by the parser.
The
data
parameter will be the entire contents of the declaration inside the
<![...]>
markup. It is sometimes useful to be overridden by a derived class. The base class implementation raises an
HTMLParseError
当
strict
is
True
.
The following class implements a parser that will be used to illustrate more examples:
from html.parser import HTMLParser from html.entities import name2codepoint class MyHTMLParser(HTMLParser): def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs): print("Start tag:", tag) for attr in attrs: print(" attr:", attr) def handle_endtag(self, tag): print("End tag :", tag) def handle_data(self, data): print("Data :", data) def handle_comment(self, data): print("Comment :", data) def handle_entityref(self, name): c = chr(name2codepoint[name]) print("Named ent:", c) def handle_charref(self, name): if name.startswith('x'): c = chr(int(name[1:], 16)) else: c = chr(int(name)) print("Num ent :", c) def handle_decl(self, data): print("Decl :", data) parser = MyHTMLParser()
剖析 doctype：
>>> parser.feed('<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" ' ... '"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">') Decl : DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"
Parsing an element with a few attributes and a title:
>>> parser.feed('<img src="python-logo.png" alt="The Python logo">') Start tag: img attr: ('src', 'python-logo.png') attr: ('alt', 'The Python logo') >>> >>> parser.feed('<h1>Python</h1>') Start tag: h1 Data : Python End tag : h1
The content of
script
and
style
elements is returned as is, without further parsing:
>>> parser.feed('<style type="text/css">#python { color: green }</style>') Start tag: style attr: ('type', 'text/css') Data : #python { color: green } End tag : style >>> >>> parser.feed('<script type="text/javascript">' ... 'alert("<strong>hello!</strong>");</script>') Start tag: script attr: ('type', 'text/javascript') Data : alert("<strong>hello!</strong>"); End tag : script
剖析注释：
>>> parser.feed('<!-- a comment -->' ... '<!--[if IE 9]>IE-specific content<![endif]-->') Comment : a comment Comment : [if IE 9]>IE-specific content<![endif]
Parsing named and numeric character references and converting them to the correct char (note: these 3 references are all equivalent to
'>'
):
>>> parser.feed('>>>') Named ent: > Num ent : > Num ent : >
Feeding incomplete chunks to
feed()
works, but
handle_data()
might be called more than once (unless
convert_charrefs
被设为
True
):
>>> for chunk in ['<sp', 'an>buff', 'ered ', 'text</s', 'pan>']: ... parser.feed(chunk) ... Start tag: span Data : buff Data : ered Data : text End tag : span
Parsing invalid HTML (e.g. unquoted attributes) also works:
>>> parser.feed('<p><a class=link href=#main>tag soup</p ></a>') Start tag: p Start tag: a attr: ('class', 'link') attr: ('href', '#main') Data : tag soup End tag : p End tag : a
脚注
| [1] | For backward compatibility reasons strict mode does not raise exceptions for all non-compliant HTML. That is, some invalid HTML is tolerated even in strict 模式。 |