turtle
— Turtle 图形
¶
Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to kids. It was part of the original Logo programming language developed by Wally Feurzig and Seymour Papert in 1966.
Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. After an
import turtle
, give it the command
turtle.forward(15)
, and it moves (on-screen!) 15 pixels in the direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the command
turtle.right(25)
, and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise.
Turtle can draw intricate shapes using programs that repeat simple moves.
from turtle import * color('red', 'yellow') begin_fill() while True: forward(200) left(170) if abs(pos()) < 1: break end_fill() done()
By combining together these and similar commands, intricate shapes and pictures can easily be drawn.
The
turtle
module is an extended reimplementation of the same-named module from the Python standard distribution up to version Python 2.5.
It tries to keep the merits of the old turtle module and to be (nearly) 100% compatible with it. This means in the first place to enable the learning programmer to use all the commands, classes and methods interactively when using the module from within IDLE run with the
-n
switch.
The turtle module provides turtle graphics primitives, in both object-oriented and procedure-oriented ways. Because it uses
tkinter
for the underlying graphics, it needs a version of Python installed with Tk support.
The object-oriented interface uses essentially two+two classes:
The
TurtleScreen
class defines graphics windows as a playground for the drawing turtles. Its constructor needs a
tkinter.Canvas
或
ScrolledCanvas
as argument. It should be used when
turtle
is used as part of some application.
函数
Screen()
returns a singleton object of a
TurtleScreen
subclass. This function should be used when
turtle
is used as a standalone tool for doing graphics. As a singleton object, inheriting from its class is not possible.
All methods of TurtleScreen/Screen also exist as functions, i.e. as part of the procedure-oriented interface.
RawTurtle
(alias:
RawPen
) defines Turtle objects which draw on a
TurtleScreen
. Its constructor needs a Canvas, ScrolledCanvas or TurtleScreen as argument, so the RawTurtle objects know where to draw.
Derived from RawTurtle is the subclass
Turtle
(alias:
Pen
), which draws on “the”
Screen
instance which is automatically created, if not already present.
All methods of RawTurtle/Turtle also exist as functions, i.e. part of the procedure-oriented interface.
The procedural interface provides functions which are derived from the methods of the classes
Screen
and
Turtle
. They have the same names as the corresponding methods. A screen object is automatically created whenever a function derived from a Screen method is called. An (unnamed) turtle object is automatically created whenever any of the functions derived from a Turtle method is called.
To use multiple turtles on a screen one has to use the object-oriented interface.
注意
In the following documentation the argument list for functions is given. Methods, of course, have the additional first argument self which is omitted here.
speed()
distance()
radians()
isdown()
fillcolor()
end_fill()
write()
isvisible()
get_shapepoly()
ondrag()
undobufferentries()
setworldcoordinates()
update()
mainloop()
|
done()
window_width()
numinput()
title()
Most of the examples in this section refer to a Turtle instance called
turtle
.
turtle.
forward
(
distance
)
¶
turtle.
fd
(
distance
)
¶
| 参数： | distance – a number (integer or float) |
|---|
Move the turtle forward by the specified distance , in the direction the turtle is headed.
>>> turtle.position() (0.00,0.00) >>> turtle.forward(25) >>> turtle.position() (25.00,0.00) >>> turtle.forward(-75) >>> turtle.position() (-50.00,0.00)
turtle.
back
(
distance
)
¶
turtle.
bk
(
distance
)
¶
turtle.
backward
(
distance
)
¶
| 参数： | distance – a number |
|---|
Move the turtle backward by distance , opposite to the direction the turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle’s heading.
>>> turtle.position() (0.00,0.00) >>> turtle.backward(30) >>> turtle.position() (-30.00,0.00)
turtle.
right
(
angle
)
¶
turtle.
rt
(
angle
)
¶
| 参数： | angle – a number (integer or float) |
|---|
Turn turtle right by
angle
units. (Units are by default degrees, but can be set via the
degrees()
and
radians()
functions.) Angle orientation depends on the turtle mode, see
mode()
.
>>> turtle.heading() 22.0 >>> turtle.right(45) >>> turtle.heading() 337.0
turtle.
left
(
angle
)
¶
turtle.
lt
(
angle
)
¶
| 参数： | angle – a number (integer or float) |
|---|
Turn turtle left by
angle
units. (Units are by default degrees, but can be set via the
degrees()
and
radians()
functions.) Angle orientation depends on the turtle mode, see
mode()
.
>>> turtle.heading() 22.0 >>> turtle.left(45) >>> turtle.heading() 67.0
turtle.
goto
(
x
,
y=None
)
¶
turtle.
setpos
(
x
,
y=None
)
¶
turtle.
setposition
(
x
,
y=None
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
若
y
is
None
,
x
must be a pair of coordinates or a
Vec2D
(e.g. as returned by
pos()
).
Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down, draw line. Do not change the turtle’s orientation.
>>> tp = turtle.pos() >>> tp (0.00,0.00) >>> turtle.setpos(60,30) >>> turtle.pos() (60.00,30.00) >>> turtle.setpos((20,80)) >>> turtle.pos() (20.00,80.00) >>> turtle.setpos(tp) >>> turtle.pos() (0.00,0.00)
turtle.
setx
(
x
)
¶
| 参数： | x – a number (integer or float) |
|---|
Set the turtle’s first coordinate to x , leave second coordinate unchanged.
>>> turtle.position() (0.00,240.00) >>> turtle.setx(10) >>> turtle.position() (10.00,240.00)
turtle.
sety
(
y
)
¶
| 参数： | y – a number (integer or float) |
|---|
Set the turtle’s second coordinate to y , leave first coordinate unchanged.
>>> turtle.position() (0.00,40.00) >>> turtle.sety(-10) >>> turtle.position() (0.00,-10.00)
turtle.
setheading
(
to_angle
)
¶
turtle.
seth
(
to_angle
)
¶
| 参数： | to_angle – a number (integer or float) |
|---|
Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle . Here are some common directions in degrees:
| 标准模式 | logo mode |
|---|---|
| 0 - east | 0 - north |
| 90 - north | 90 - east |
| 180 - west | 180 - south |
| 270 - south | 270 - west |
>>> turtle.setheading(90) >>> turtle.heading() 90.0
turtle.
home
(
)
¶
Move turtle to the origin – coordinates (0,0) – and set its heading to its start-orientation (which depends on the mode, see
mode()
).
>>> turtle.heading() 90.0 >>> turtle.position() (0.00,-10.00) >>> turtle.home() >>> turtle.position() (0.00,0.00) >>> turtle.heading() 0.0
turtle.
circle
(
radius
,
extent=None
,
steps=None
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
Draw a circle with given radius . The center is radius units left of the turtle; extent – an angle – determines which part of the circle is drawn. If extent is not given, draw the entire circle. If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the current pen position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction if radius is positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally the direction of the turtle is changed by the amount of extent .
As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon, steps determines the number of steps to use. If not given, it will be calculated automatically. May be used to draw regular polygons.
>>> turtle.home() >>> turtle.position() (0.00,0.00) >>> turtle.heading() 0.0 >>> turtle.circle(50) >>> turtle.position() (-0.00,0.00) >>> turtle.heading() 0.0 >>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # draw a semicircle >>> turtle.position() (0.00,240.00) >>> turtle.heading() 180.0
turtle.
dot
(
size=None
,
*color
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
Draw a circular dot with diameter size ，使用 color 。若 size is not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used.
>>> turtle.home() >>> turtle.dot() >>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50) >>> turtle.position() (100.00,-0.00) >>> turtle.heading() 0.0
turtle.
stamp
(
)
¶
Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current turtle position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be used to delete it by calling
clearstamp(stamp_id)
.
>>> turtle.color("blue") >>> turtle.stamp() 11 >>> turtle.fd(50)
turtle.
clearstamp
(
stampid
)
¶
| 参数： |
stampid
– an integer, must be return value of previous
stamp()
call
|
|---|
Delete stamp with given stampid .
>>> turtle.position() (150.00,-0.00) >>> turtle.color("blue") >>> astamp = turtle.stamp() >>> turtle.fd(50) >>> turtle.position() (200.00,-0.00) >>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp) >>> turtle.position() (200.00,-0.00)
turtle.
clearstamps
(
n=None
)
¶
| 参数： |
n
– an integer (or
None
)
|
|---|
Delete all or first/last n of turtle’s stamps. If n is None, delete all stamps, if n > 0 delete first n stamps, else if n < 0 delete last n stamps.
>>> for i in range(8): ... turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30) 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 >>> turtle.clearstamps(2) >>> turtle.clearstamps(-2) >>> turtle.clearstamps()
turtle.
undo
(
)
¶
Undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action(s). Number of available undo actions is determined by the size of the undobuffer.
>>> for i in range(4): ... turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80) ... >>> for i in range(8): ... turtle.undo()
turtle.
speed
(
speed=None
)
¶
| 参数： | speed – an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below) |
|---|
Set the turtle’s speed to an integer value in the range 0..10. If no argument is given, return current speed.
If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5, speed is set to 0. Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues as follows:
Speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of line drawing and turtle turning.
Attention: speed = 0 means that no animation takes place. forward/back makes turtle jump and likewise left/right make the turtle turn instantly.
>>> turtle.speed() 3 >>> turtle.speed('normal') >>> turtle.speed() 6 >>> turtle.speed(9) >>> turtle.speed() 9
turtle.
位置
(
)
¶
turtle.
pos
(
)
¶
Return the turtle’s current location (x,y) (as a
Vec2D
vector).
>>> turtle.pos() (440.00,-0.00)
turtle.
towards
(
x
,
y=None
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
Return the angle between the line from turtle position to position specified by (x,y), the vector or the other turtle. This depends on the turtle’s start orientation which depends on the mode - “standard”/”world” or “logo”).
>>> turtle.goto(10, 10) >>> turtle.towards(0,0) 225.0
turtle.
xcor
(
)
¶
Return the turtle’s x coordinate.
>>> turtle.home() >>> turtle.left(50) >>> turtle.forward(100) >>> turtle.pos() (64.28,76.60) >>> print(round(turtle.xcor(), 5)) 64.27876
turtle.
ycor
(
)
¶
Return the turtle’s y coordinate.
>>> turtle.home() >>> turtle.left(60) >>> turtle.forward(100) >>> print(turtle.pos()) (50.00,86.60) >>> print(round(turtle.ycor(), 5)) 86.60254
turtle.
heading
(
)
¶
Return the turtle’s current heading (value depends on the turtle mode, see
mode()
).
>>> turtle.home() >>> turtle.left(67) >>> turtle.heading() 67.0
turtle.
distance
(
x
,
y=None
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y), the given vector, or the given other turtle, in turtle step units.
>>> turtle.home() >>> turtle.distance(30,40) 50.0 >>> turtle.distance((30,40)) 50.0 >>> joe = Turtle() >>> joe.forward(77) >>> turtle.distance(joe) 77.0
turtle.
degrees
(
fullcircle=360.0
)
¶
| 参数： | fullcircle – a number |
|---|
Set angle measurement units, i.e. set number of “degrees” for a full circle. Default value is 360 degrees.
>>> turtle.home() >>> turtle.left(90) >>> turtle.heading() 90.0 Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon, grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.) >>> turtle.degrees(400.0) >>> turtle.heading() 100.0 >>> turtle.degrees(360) >>> turtle.heading() 90.0
turtle.
radians
(
)
¶
Set the angle measurement units to radians. Equivalent to
degrees(2*math.pi)
.
>>> turtle.home() >>> turtle.left(90) >>> turtle.heading() 90.0 >>> turtle.radians() >>> turtle.heading() 1.5707963267948966
turtle.
pensize
(
width=None
)
¶
turtle.
width
(
width=None
)
¶
| 参数： | width – a positive number |
|---|
Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set to “auto” and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with the same line thickness. If no argument is given, the current pensize is returned.
>>> turtle.pensize() 1 >>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn
turtle.
pen
(
pen=None
,
**pendict
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
Return or set the pen’s attributes in a “pen-dictionary” with the following key/value pairs:
This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent call to
pen()
to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one or more of these attributes can be provided as keyword-arguments. This can be used to set several pen attributes in one statement.
>>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10) >>> sorted(turtle.pen().items()) [('fillcolor', 'black'), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'red'), ('pendown', True), ('pensize', 10), ('resizemode', 'noresize'), ('shearfactor', 0.0), ('shown', True), ('speed', 9), ('stretchfactor', (1.0, 1.0)), ('tilt', 0.0)] >>> penstate=turtle.pen() >>> turtle.color("yellow", "") >>> turtle.penup() >>> sorted(turtle.pen().items())[:3] [('fillcolor', ''), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'yellow')] >>> turtle.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green") >>> sorted(turtle.pen().items())[:3] [('fillcolor', 'green'), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'red')]
turtle.
isdown
(
)
¶
返回
True
if pen is down,
False
if it’s up.
>>> turtle.penup() >>> turtle.isdown() False >>> turtle.pendown() >>> turtle.isdown() True
turtle.
pencolor
(
*args
)
¶
Return or set the pencolor.
Four input formats are allowed:
pencolor()
pencolor(colorstring)
"red"
,
"yellow"
，或
"#33cc8c"
.
pencolor((r, g, b))
colormode()
).
pencolor(r, g, b)
Set pencolor to the RGB color represented by r , g ，和 b . Each of r , g ，和 b must be in the range 0..colormode.If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn with the newly set pencolor.
>>> colormode() 1.0 >>> turtle.pencolor() 'red' >>> turtle.pencolor("brown") >>> turtle.pencolor() 'brown' >>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55) >>> turtle.pencolor(tup) >>> turtle.pencolor() (0.2, 0.8, 0.5490196078431373) >>> colormode(255) >>> turtle.pencolor() (51.0, 204.0, 140.0) >>> turtle.pencolor('#32c18f') >>> turtle.pencolor() (50.0, 193.0, 143.0)
turtle.
fillcolor
(
*args
)
¶
Return or set the fillcolor.
Four input formats are allowed:
fillcolor()
fillcolor(colorstring)
"red"
,
"yellow"
，或
"#33cc8c"
.
fillcolor((r, g, b))
colormode()
).
fillcolor(r, g, b)
Set fillcolor to the RGB color represented by r , g ，和 b . Each of r , g ，和 b must be in the range 0..colormode.If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn with the newly set fillcolor.
>>> turtle.fillcolor("violet") >>> turtle.fillcolor() 'violet' >>> col = turtle.pencolor() >>> col (50.0, 193.0, 143.0) >>> turtle.fillcolor(col) >>> turtle.fillcolor() (50.0, 193.0, 143.0) >>> turtle.fillcolor('#ffffff') >>> turtle.fillcolor() (255.0, 255.0, 255.0)
turtle.
color
(
*args
)
¶
Return or set pencolor and fillcolor.
Several input formats are allowed. They use 0 to 3 arguments as follows:
color()
pencolor()
and
fillcolor()
.
color(colorstring)
,
color((r,g,b))
,
color(r,g,b)
pencolor()
, set both, fillcolor and pencolor, to the
given value.
color(colorstring1, colorstring2)
,
color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2))
相当于pencolor(colorstring1)andfillcolor(colorstring2)and analogously if the other input format is used.If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon is drawn with the newly set colors.
>>> turtle.color("red", "green") >>> turtle.color() ('red', 'green') >>> color("#285078", "#a0c8f0") >>> color() ((40.0, 80.0, 120.0), (160.0, 200.0, 240.0))
See also: Screen method
colormode()
.
turtle.
filling
(
)
¶
Return fillstate (
True
if filling,
False
else).
>>> turtle.begin_fill() >>> if turtle.filling(): ... turtle.pensize(5) ... else: ... turtle.pensize(3)
turtle.
begin_fill
(
)
¶
To be called just before drawing a shape to be filled.
turtle.
end_fill
(
)
¶
Fill the shape drawn after the last call to
begin_fill()
.
>>> turtle.color("black", "red") >>> turtle.begin_fill() >>> turtle.circle(80) >>> turtle.end_fill()
turtle.
reset
(
)
¶
Delete the turtle’s drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle and set variables to the default values.
>>> turtle.goto(0,-22) >>> turtle.left(100) >>> turtle.position() (0.00,-22.00) >>> turtle.heading() 100.0 >>> turtle.reset() >>> turtle.position() (0.00,0.00) >>> turtle.heading() 0.0
turtle.
clear
(
)
¶
Delete the turtle’s drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle. State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other turtles are not affected.
turtle.
write
(
arg
,
move=False
,
align="left"
,
font=("Arial"
,
8
,
"normal")
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
Write text - the string representation of
arg
- at the current turtle position according to
align
(“left”, “center” or right”) and with the given font. If
move
is true, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner of the text. By default,
move
is
False
.
>>> turtle.write("Home = ", True, align="center") >>> turtle.write((0,0), True)
turtle.
hideturtle
(
)
¶
turtle.
ht
(
)
¶
Make the turtle invisible. It’s a good idea to do this while you’re in the middle of doing some complex drawing, because hiding the turtle speeds up the drawing observably.
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
turtle.
isvisible
(
)
¶
返回
True
if the Turtle is shown,
False
if it’s hidden.
>>> turtle.hideturtle() >>> turtle.isvisible() False >>> turtle.showturtle() >>> turtle.isvisible() True
turtle.
shape
(
name=None
)
¶
| 参数： | 名称 – a string which is a valid shapename |
|---|
Set turtle shape to shape with given
name
or, if name is not given, return name of current shape. Shape with
name
must exist in the TurtleScreen’s shape dictionary. Initially there are the following polygon shapes: “arrow”, “turtle”, “circle”, “square”, “triangle”, “classic”. To learn about how to deal with shapes see Screen method
register_shape()
.
>>> turtle.shape() 'classic' >>> turtle.shape("turtle") >>> turtle.shape() 'turtle'
turtle.
resizemode
(
rmode=None
)
¶
| 参数： | rmode – one of the strings “auto”, “user”, “noresize” |
|---|
Set resizemode to one of the values: “auto”, “user”, “noresize”. If rmode is not given, return current resizemode. Different resizemodes have the following effects:
shapesize()
.
resizemode(“user”) is called by
shapesize()
when used with arguments.
>>> turtle.resizemode() 'noresize' >>> turtle.resizemode("auto") >>> turtle.resizemode() 'auto'
turtle.
shapesize
(
stretch_wid=None
,
stretch_len=None
,
outline=None
)
¶
turtle.
turtlesize
(
stretch_wid=None
,
stretch_len=None
,
outline=None
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
Return or set the pen’s attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline. Set resizemode to “user”. If and only if resizemode is set to “user”, the turtle will be displayed stretched according to its stretchfactors: stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to its orientation, stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of its orientation, outline determines the width of the shapes’s outline.
>>> turtle.shapesize() (1.0, 1.0, 1) >>> turtle.resizemode("user") >>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12) >>> turtle.shapesize() (5, 5, 12) >>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8) >>> turtle.shapesize() (5, 5, 8)
turtle.
shearfactor
(
shear=None
)
¶
| 参数： | shear – number (optional) |
|---|
Set or return the current shearfactor. Shear the turtleshape according to the given shearfactor shear, which is the tangent of the shear angle. Do not change the turtle’s heading (direction of movement). If shear is not given: return the current shearfactor, i. e. the tangent of the shear angle, by which lines parallel to the heading of the turtle are sheared.
>>> turtle.shape("circle") >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) >>> turtle.shearfactor(0.5) >>> turtle.shearfactor() 0.5
turtle.
tilt
(
angle
)
¶
| 参数： | angle – a number |
|---|
Rotate the turtleshape by angle from its current tilt-angle, but do not change the turtle’s heading (direction of movement).
>>> turtle.reset() >>> turtle.shape("circle") >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) >>> turtle.tilt(30) >>> turtle.fd(50) >>> turtle.tilt(30) >>> turtle.fd(50)
turtle.
settiltangle
(
angle
)
¶
| 参数： | angle – a number |
|---|
Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle , regardless of its current tilt-angle. Do not change the turtle’s heading (direction of movement).
>>> turtle.reset() >>> turtle.shape("circle") >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) >>> turtle.settiltangle(45) >>> turtle.fd(50) >>> turtle.settiltangle(-45) >>> turtle.fd(50)
从 3.1 版起弃用：
turtle.
tiltangle
(
angle=None
)
¶
| 参数： | angle – a number (optional) |
|---|
Set or return the current tilt-angle. If angle is given, rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle, regardless of its current tilt-angle. Do not change the turtle’s heading (direction of movement). If angle is not given: return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle between the orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the turtle (its direction of movement).
>>> turtle.reset() >>> turtle.shape("circle") >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) >>> turtle.tilt(45) >>> turtle.tiltangle() 45.0
turtle.
shapetransform
(
t11=None
,
t12=None
,
t21=None
,
t22=None
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
Set or return the current transformation matrix of the turtle shape.
If none of the matrix elements are given, return the transformation matrix as a tuple of 4 elements. Otherwise set the given elements and transform the turtleshape according to the matrix consisting of first row t11, t12 and second row t21, 22. The determinant t11 * t22 - t12 * t21 must not be zero, otherwise an error is raised. Modify stretchfactor, shearfactor and tiltangle according to the given matrix.
>>> turtle = Turtle() >>> turtle.shape("square") >>> turtle.shapesize(4,2) >>> turtle.shearfactor(-0.5) >>> turtle.shapetransform() (4.0, -1.0, -0.0, 2.0)
turtle.
get_shapepoly
(
)
¶
Return the current shape polygon as tuple of coordinate pairs. This can be used to define a new shape or components of a compound shape.
>>> turtle.shape("square") >>> turtle.shapetransform(4, -1, 0, 2) >>> turtle.get_shapepoly() ((50, -20), (30, 20), (-50, 20), (-30, -20))
turtle.
onclick
(
fun
,
btn=1
,
add=None
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
绑定
fun
to mouse-click events on this turtle. If
fun
is
None
, existing bindings are removed. Example for the anonymous turtle, i.e. the procedural way:
>>> def turn(x, y): ... left(180) ... >>> onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it. >>> onclick(None) # event-binding will be removed
turtle.
onrelease
(
fun
,
btn=1
,
add=None
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
绑定
fun
to mouse-button-release events on this turtle. If
fun
is
None
, existing bindings are removed.
>>> class MyTurtle(Turtle): ... def glow(self,x,y): ... self.fillcolor("red") ... def unglow(self,x,y): ... self.fillcolor("") ... >>> turtle = MyTurtle() >>> turtle.onclick(turtle.glow) # clicking on turtle turns fillcolor red, >>> turtle.onrelease(turtle.unglow) # releasing turns it to transparent.
turtle.
ondrag
(
fun
,
btn=1
,
add=None
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
绑定
fun
to mouse-move events on this turtle. If
fun
is
None
, existing bindings are removed.
Remark: Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a mouse-click event on that turtle.
>>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto)
Subsequently, clicking and dragging the Turtle will move it across the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is down).
turtle.
begin_poly
(
)
¶
Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is first vertex of polygon.
turtle.
end_poly
(
)
¶
Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is last vertex of polygon. This will be connected with the first vertex.
turtle.
get_poly
(
)
¶
Return the last recorded polygon.
>>> turtle.home() >>> turtle.begin_poly() >>> turtle.fd(100) >>> turtle.left(20) >>> turtle.fd(30) >>> turtle.left(60) >>> turtle.fd(50) >>> turtle.end_poly() >>> p = turtle.get_poly() >>> register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p)
turtle.
clone
(
)
¶
Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading and turtle properties.
>>> mick = Turtle() >>> joe = mick.clone()
turtle.
getturtle
(
)
¶
turtle.
getpen
(
)
¶
Return the Turtle object itself. Only reasonable use: as a function to return the “anonymous turtle”:
>>> pet = getturtle() >>> pet.fd(50) >>> pet <turtle.Turtle object at 0x...>
turtle.
getscreen
(
)
¶
返回
TurtleScreen
object the turtle is drawing on. TurtleScreen methods can then be called for that object.
>>> ts = turtle.getscreen() >>> ts <turtle._Screen object at 0x...> >>> ts.bgcolor("pink")
turtle.
setundobuffer
(
size
)
¶
| 参数： |
size
– an integer or
None
|
|---|
Set or disable undobuffer. If
size
is an integer an empty undobuffer of given size is installed.
size
gives the maximum number of turtle actions that can be undone by the
undo()
method/function. If
size
is
None
, the undobuffer is disabled.
>>> turtle.setundobuffer(42)
turtle.
undobufferentries
(
)
¶
Return number of entries in the undobuffer.
>>> while undobufferentries(): ... undo()
To use compound turtle shapes, which consist of several polygons of different color, you must use the helper class
Shape
explicitly as described below:
Create an empty Shape object of type “compound”.
Add as many components to this object as desired, using the
addcomponent()
方法。
例如：
>>> s = Shape("compound") >>> poly1 = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5)) >>> s.addcomponent(poly1, "red", "blue") >>> poly2 = ((0,0),(10,-5),(-10,-5)) >>> s.addcomponent(poly2, "blue", "red")
Now add the Shape to the Screen’s shapelist and use it:
>>> register_shape("myshape", s) >>> shape("myshape")
注意
The
Shape
class is used internally by the
register_shape()
method in different ways. The application programmer has to deal with the Shape class
only
when using compound shapes like shown above!
Most of the examples in this section refer to a TurtleScreen instance called
screen
.
turtle.
bgcolor
(
*args
)
¶
| 参数： | args – a color string or three numbers in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers |
|---|
Set or return background color of the TurtleScreen.
>>> screen.bgcolor("orange") >>> screen.bgcolor() 'orange' >>> screen.bgcolor("#800080") >>> screen.bgcolor() (128.0, 0.0, 128.0)
turtle.
bgpic
(
picname=None
)
¶
| 参数： |
picname
– a string, name of a gif-file or
"nopic"
，或
None
|
|---|
Set background image or return name of current backgroundimage. If
picname
is a filename, set the corresponding image as background. If
picname
is
"nopic"
, delete background image, if present. If
picname
is
None
, return the filename of the current backgroundimage.
>>> screen.bgpic() 'nopic' >>> screen.bgpic("landscape.gif") >>> screen.bgpic() "landscape.gif"
turtle.
clear
(
)
turtle.
clearscreen
(
)
¶
Delete all drawings and all turtles from the TurtleScreen. Reset the now empty TurtleScreen to its initial state: white background, no background image, no event bindings and tracing on.
注意
This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the name
clearscreen
. The global function
clear
is a different one derived from the Turtle method
clear
.
turtle.
reset
(
)
turtle.
resetscreen
(
)
¶
Reset all Turtles on the Screen to their initial state.
注意
This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the name
resetscreen
. The global function
reset
is another one derived from the Turtle method
reset
.
turtle.
screensize
(
canvwidth=None
,
canvheight=None
,
bg=None
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
If no arguments are given, return current (canvaswidth, canvasheight). Else resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Do not alter the drawing window. To observe hidden parts of the canvas, use the scrollbars. With this method, one can make visible those parts of a drawing which were outside the canvas before.
>>> screen.screensize() (400, 300) >>> screen.screensize(2000,1500) >>> screen.screensize() (2000, 1500)
e.g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-)
turtle.
setworldcoordinates
(
llx
,
lly
,
urx
,
ury
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
Set up user-defined coordinate system and switch to mode “world” if necessary. This performs a
screen.reset()
. If mode “world” is already active, all drawings are redrawn according to the new coordinates.
ATTENTION : in user-defined coordinate systems angles may appear distorted.
>>> screen.reset() >>> screen.setworldcoordinates(-50,-7.5,50,7.5) >>> for _ in range(72): ... left(10) ... >>> for _ in range(8): ... left(45); fd(2) # a regular octagon
turtle.
delay
(
delay=None
)
¶
| 参数： | delay – positive integer |
|---|
Set or return the drawing delay in milliseconds. (This is approximately the time interval between two consecutive canvas updates.) The longer the drawing delay, the slower the animation.
Optional argument:
>>> screen.delay() 10 >>> screen.delay(5) >>> screen.delay() 5
turtle.
tracer
(
n=None
,
delay=None
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
Turn turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings. If
n
is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed. (Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.) When called without arguments, returns the currently stored value of n. Second argument sets delay value (see
delay()
).
>>> screen.tracer(8, 25) >>> dist = 2 >>> for i in range(200): ... fd(dist) ... rt(90) ... dist += 2
turtle.
update
(
)
¶
Perform a TurtleScreen update. To be used when tracer is turned off.
See also the RawTurtle/Turtle method
speed()
.
turtle.
listen
(
xdummy=None
,
ydummy=None
)
¶
Set focus on TurtleScreen (in order to collect key-events). Dummy arguments are provided in order to be able to pass
listen()
to the onclick method.
turtle.
onkey
(
fun
,
key
)
¶
turtle.
onkeyrelease
(
fun
,
key
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
绑定
fun
to key-release event of key. If
fun
is
None
, event bindings are removed. Remark: in order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen must have the focus. (See method
listen()
)。
>>> def f(): ... fd(50) ... lt(60) ... >>> screen.onkey(f, "Up") >>> screen.listen()
turtle.
onkeypress
(
fun
,
key=None
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
绑定
fun
to key-press event of key if key is given, or to any key-press-event if no key is given. Remark: in order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen must have focus. (See method
listen()
)。
>>> def f(): ... fd(50) ... >>> screen.onkey(f, "Up") >>> screen.listen()
turtle.
onclick
(
fun
,
btn=1
,
add=None
)
turtle.
onscreenclick
(
fun
,
btn=1
,
add=None
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
绑定
fun
to mouse-click events on this screen. If
fun
is
None
, existing bindings are removed.
Example for a TurtleScreen instance named
screen
and a Turtle instance named turtle:
>>> screen.onclick(turtle.goto) # Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will >>> # make the turtle move to the clicked point. >>> screen.onclick(None) # remove event binding again
注意
This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the name
onscreenclick
. The global function
onclick
is another one derived from the Turtle method
onclick
.
turtle.
ontimer
(
fun
,
t=0
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
Install a timer that calls fun after t 毫秒。
>>> running = True >>> def f(): ... if running: ... fd(50) ... lt(60) ... screen.ontimer(f, 250) >>> f() ### makes the turtle march around >>> running = False
turtle.
mainloop
(
)
¶
turtle.
done
(
)
¶
Starts event loop - calling Tkinter’s mainloop function. Must be the last statement in a turtle graphics program. Must not be used if a script is run from within IDLE in -n mode (No subprocess) - for interactive use of turtle graphics.
>>> screen.mainloop()
turtle.
textinput
(
title
,
prompt
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
Pop up a dialog window for input of a string. Parameter title is the title of the dialog window, propmt is a text mostly describing what information to input. Return the string input. If the dialog is canceled, return None.
>>> screen.textinput("NIM", "Name of first player:")
turtle.
numinput
(
title
,
prompt
,
default=None
,
minval=None
,
maxval=None
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
Pop up a dialog window for input of a number. title is the title of the dialog window, prompt is a text mostly describing what numerical information to input. default: default value, minval: minimum value for input, maxval: maximum value for input The number input must be in the range minval .. maxval if these are given. If not, a hint is issued and the dialog remains open for correction. Return the number input. If the dialog is canceled, return None.
>>> screen.numinput("Poker", "Your stakes:", 1000, minval=10, maxval=10000)
turtle.
mode
(
mode=None
)
¶
| 参数： | mode – one of the strings “standard”, “logo” or “world” |
|---|
Set turtle mode (“standard”, “logo” or “world”) and perform reset. If mode is not given, current mode is returned.
Mode “standard” is compatible with old
turtle
. Mode “logo” is compatible with most Logo turtle graphics. Mode “world” uses user-defined “world coordinates”.
Attention
: in this mode angles appear distorted if
x/y
unit-ratio doesn’t equal 1.
| 模式 | Initial turtle heading | positive angles |
|---|---|---|
| “standard” | to the right (east) | counterclockwise |
| “logo” | upward (north) | clockwise |
>>> mode("logo") # resets turtle heading to north >>> mode() 'logo'
turtle.
colormode
(
cmode=None
)
¶
| 参数： | cmode – one of the values 1.0 or 255 |
|---|
Return the colormode or set it to 1.0 or 255. Subsequently r , g , b values of color triples have to be in the range 0.. cmode .
>>> screen.colormode(1) >>> turtle.pencolor(240, 160, 80) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TurtleGraphicsError: bad color sequence: (240, 160, 80) >>> screen.colormode() 1.0 >>> screen.colormode(255) >>> screen.colormode() 255 >>> turtle.pencolor(240,160,80)
turtle.
getcanvas
(
)
¶
Return the Canvas of this TurtleScreen. Useful for insiders who know what to do with a Tkinter Canvas.
>>> cv = screen.getcanvas() >>> cv <turtle.ScrolledCanvas object at ...>
turtle.
getshapes
(
)
¶
Return a list of names of all currently available turtle shapes.
>>> screen.getshapes() ['arrow', 'blank', 'circle', ..., 'turtle']
turtle.
register_shape
(
name
,
shape=None
)
¶
turtle.
addshape
(
name
,
shape=None
)
¶
There are three different ways to call this function:
name
is the name of a gif-file and
shape
is
None
: Install the corresponding image shape.
>>> screen.register_shape("turtle.gif")
注意
Image shapes do not rotate when turning the turtle, so they do not display the heading of the turtle!
name is an arbitrary string and shape is a tuple of pairs of coordinates: Install the corresponding polygon shape.
>>> screen.register_shape("triangle", ((5,-3), (0,5), (-5,-3)))
name
is an arbitrary string and shape is a (compound)
Shape
object: Install the corresponding compound shape.
Add a turtle shape to TurtleScreen’s shapelist. Only thusly registered shapes can be used by issuing the command
shape(shapename)
.
turtle.
turtles
(
)
¶
Return the list of turtles on the screen.
>>> for turtle in screen.turtles(): ... turtle.color("red")
turtle.
window_height
(
)
¶
Return the height of the turtle window.
>>> screen.window_height() 480
turtle.
window_width
(
)
¶
Return the width of the turtle window.
>>> screen.window_width() 640
turtle.
bye
(
)
¶
Shut the turtlegraphics window.
turtle.
exitonclick
(
)
¶
Bind bye() method to mouse clicks on the Screen.
If the value “using_IDLE” in the configuration dictionary is
False
(default value), also enter mainloop. Remark: If IDLE with the
-n
switch (no subprocess) is used, this value should be set to
True
in
turtle.cfg
. In this case IDLE’s own mainloop is active also for the client script.
turtle.
setup
(
width=_CFG["width"], height=_CFG["height"], startx=_CFG["leftright"], starty=_CFG["topbottom"]
)
¶
Set the size and position of the main window. Default values of arguments are stored in the configuration dictionary and can be changed via a
turtle.cfg
文件。
| 参数： |
|
|---|
>>> screen.setup (width=200, height=200, startx=0, starty=0) >>> # sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen >>> screen.setup(width=.75, height=0.5, startx=None, starty=None) >>> # sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen and centers
turtle.
title
(
titlestring
)
¶
| 参数： | titlestring – a string that is shown in the titlebar of the turtle graphics window |
|---|
Set title of turtle window to titlestring .
>>> screen.title("Welcome to the turtle zoo!")
turtle.
RawTurtle
(
canvas
)
¶
turtle.
RawPen
(
canvas
)
¶
| 参数： |
canvas
– a
tkinter.Canvas
，
ScrolledCanvas
或
TurtleScreen
|
|---|
Create a turtle. The turtle has all methods described above as “methods of Turtle/RawTurtle”.
turtle.
Turtle
¶
Subclass of RawTurtle, has the same interface but draws on a default
Screen
object created automatically when needed for the first time.
turtle.
TurtleScreen
(
cv
)
¶
| 参数： |
cv
– a
tkinter.Canvas
|
|---|
Provides screen oriented methods like
setbg()
etc. that are described above.
turtle.
Screen
¶
Subclass of TurtleScreen, with four methods added .
turtle.
ScrolledCanvas
(
master
)
¶
| 参数： | master – some Tkinter widget to contain the ScrolledCanvas, i.e. a Tkinter-canvas with scrollbars added |
|---|
Used by class Screen, which thus automatically provides a ScrolledCanvas as playground for the turtles.
turtle.
形状
(
type_
,
data
)
¶
| 参数： | type_ – one of the strings “polygon”, “image”, “compound” |
|---|
Data structure modeling shapes. The pair
(type_, data)
must follow this specification:
| type_ | data |
|---|---|
| “polygon” | a polygon-tuple, i.e. a tuple of pairs of coordinates |
| “image” | an image (in this form only used internally!) |
| “compound” |
None
(a compound shape has to be constructed using the
addcomponent()
method)
|
addcomponent
(
poly
,
fill
,
outline=None
)
¶
| 参数： |
|
|---|
范例：
>>> poly = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5)) >>> s = Shape("compound") >>> s.addcomponent(poly, "red", "blue") >>> # ... add more components and then use register_shape()
见 Compound shapes .
turtle.
Vec2D
(
x
,
y
)
¶
A two-dimensional vector class, used as a helper class for implementing turtle graphics. May be useful for turtle graphics programs too. Derived from tuple, so a vector is a tuple!
Provides (for a , b vectors, k number):
a + b
vector addition
a - b
vector subtraction
a * b
inner product
k * a
and
a * k
multiplication with scalar
abs(a)
absolute value of a
a.rotate(angle)
旋转
The public methods of the Screen and Turtle classes are documented extensively via docstrings. So these can be used as online-help via the Python help facilities:
When using IDLE, tooltips show the signatures and first lines of the docstrings of typed in function-/method calls.
调用
help()
on methods or functions displays the docstrings:
>>> help(Screen.bgcolor) Help on method bgcolor in module turtle: bgcolor(self, *args) unbound turtle.Screen method Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen. Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers. >>> screen.bgcolor("orange") >>> screen.bgcolor() "orange" >>> screen.bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5) >>> screen.bgcolor() "#800080" >>> help(Turtle.penup) Help on method penup in module turtle: penup(self) unbound turtle.Turtle method Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving. Aliases: penup | pu | up No argument >>> turtle.penup()
The docstrings of the functions which are derived from methods have a modified form:
>>> help(bgcolor) Help on function bgcolor in module turtle: bgcolor(*args) Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen. Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers. Example:: >>> bgcolor("orange") >>> bgcolor() "orange" >>> bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5) >>> bgcolor() "#800080" >>> help(penup) Help on function penup in module turtle: penup() Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving. Aliases: penup | pu | up No argument Example: >>> penup()
These modified docstrings are created automatically together with the function definitions that are derived from the methods at import time.
There is a utility to create a dictionary the keys of which are the method names and the values of which are the docstrings of the public methods of the classes Screen and Turtle.
turtle.
write_docstringdict
(
filename="turtle_docstringdict"
)
¶
| 参数： | filename – a string, used as filename |
|---|
Create and write docstring-dictionary to a Python script with the given filename. This function has to be called explicitly (it is not used by the turtle graphics classes). The docstring dictionary will be written to the Python script
filename.py
. It is intended to serve as a template for translation of the docstrings into different languages.
If you (or your students) want to use
turtle
with online help in your native language, you have to translate the docstrings and save the resulting file as e.g.
turtle_docstringdict_german.py
.
If you have an appropriate entry in your
turtle.cfg
file this dictionary will be read in at import time and will replace the original English docstrings.
At the time of this writing there are docstring dictionaries in German and in Italian. (Requests please to glingl @ aon . at )。
The built-in default configuration mimics the appearance and behaviour of the old turtle module in order to retain best possible compatibility with it.
If you want to use a different configuration which better reflects the features of this module or which better fits to your needs, e.g. for use in a classroom, you can prepare a configuration file
turtle.cfg
which will be read at import time and modify the configuration according to its settings.
The built in configuration would correspond to the following turtle.cfg:
width = 0.5 height = 0.75 leftright = None topbottom = None canvwidth = 400 canvheight = 300 mode = standard colormode = 1.0 delay = 10 undobuffersize = 1000 shape = classic pencolor = black fillcolor = black resizemode = noresize visible = True language = english exampleturtle = turtle examplescreen = screen title = Python Turtle Graphics using_IDLE = False
Short explanation of selected entries:
Screen.setup()
方法。
Screen.screensize()
.
help(shape)
.
fillcolor = ""
(but all nonempty strings must not have quotes in
the cfg-file).
resizemode =
auto
.
language = italian
the docstringdict
turtle_docstringdict_italian.py
will be loaded at import time (if
present on the import path, e.g. in the same directory as
turtle
.
True
if you regularly work with IDLE and its -n
switch (“no subprocess”). This will prevent
exitonclick()
to enter the
mainloop.
There can be a
turtle.cfg
file in the directory where
turtle
is stored and an additional one in the current working directory. The latter will override the settings of the first one.
The
Lib/turtledemo
directory contains a
turtle.cfg
file. You can study it as an example and see its effects when running the demos (preferably not from within the demo-viewer).
turtledemo
— Demo scripts
¶
The
turtledemo
package includes a set of demo scripts. These scripts can be run and viewed using the supplied demo viewer as follows:
python -m turtledemo
Alternatively, you can run the demo scripts individually. For example,
python -m turtledemo.bytedesign
The
turtledemo
package directory contains:
__main__.py
which can be used to view the sourcecode
of the scripts and run them at the same time.
turtle
module. Examples can be accessed via the Examples menu. They can also
be run standalone.
turtle.cfg
file which serves as an example of how to write
and use such files.
The demo scripts are:
| 名称 | 描述 | 特征 |
|---|---|---|
| bytedesign | complex classical turtle graphics pattern |
tracer()
, delay,
update()
|
| chaos | graphs Verhulst dynamics, shows that computer’s computations can generate results sometimes against the common sense expectations | world coordinates |
| clock | analog clock showing time of your computer | turtles as clock’s hands, ontimer |
| colormixer | experiment with r, g, b |
ondrag()
|
| forest | 3 breadth-first trees | randomization |
| fractalcurves | Hilbert & Koch curves | recursion |
| lindenmayer | ethnomathematics (indian kolams) | L-System |
| minimal_hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Rectangular Turtles as Hanoi discs (shape, shapesize) |
| nim | play the classical nim game with three heaps of sticks against the computer. | turtles as nimsticks, event driven (mouse, keyboard) |
| paint | super minimalistic drawing program |
onclick()
|
| peace | elementary | turtle: appearance and animation |
| penrose | aperiodic tiling with kites and darts |
stamp()
|
| planet_and_moon | simulation of gravitational system |
compound shapes,
Vec2D
|
| round_dance | dancing turtles rotating pairwise in opposite direction | compound shapes, clone shapesize, tilt, get_shapepoly, update |
| tree | a (graphical) breadth first tree (using generators) |
clone()
|
| two_canvases | simple design | turtles on two canvases |
| wikipedia | a pattern from the wikipedia article on turtle graphics |
clone()
,
undo()
|
| yingyang | another elementary example |
circle()
|
Have fun!
Turtle.tracer()
,
Turtle.window_width()
and
Turtle.window_height()
have been eliminated.
Methods with these names and functionality are now available only
as methods of
Screen
. The functions derived from these remain
available. (In fact already in Python 2.6 these methods were merely
duplications of the corresponding
TurtleScreen
/
Screen
-methods.)
Turtle.fill()
has been eliminated.
The behaviour of
begin_fill()
and
end_fill()
have changed slightly: now every filling-process must be completed with an
end_fill()
调用。
Turtle.filling()
has been added. It returns a boolean
值：
True
if a filling process is under way,
False
否则。
This behaviour corresponds to a
fill()
call without arguments in
Python 2.6.
Turtle.shearfactor()
,
Turtle.shapetransform()
and
Turtle.get_shapepoly()
have been added. Thus the full range of
regular linear transforms is now available for transforming turtle shapes.
Turtle.tiltangle()
has been enhanced in functionality: it now can
be used to get or set the tiltangle.
Turtle.settiltangle()
has been
deprecated.
Screen.onkeypress()
has been added as a complement to
Screen.onkey()
which in fact binds actions to the keyrelease event.
Accordingly the latter has got an alias:
Screen.onkeyrelease()
.
Screen.mainloop()
has been added. So when working only
with Screen and Turtle objects one must not additionally import
mainloop()
不再。
Screen.textinput()
and
Screen.numinput()
. These popup input dialogs and return
strings and numbers respectively.
tdemo_nim.py
and
tdemo_round_dance.py
have been added to the
Lib/turtledemo
目录。
turtle
— Turtle 图形
turtledemo
— Demo scripts