shutil — 高级文件操作 ¶

目录和文件操作 ¶

shutil. copyfileobj ( fsrc , fdst [ , length ] ) ¶

Copy the contents of the file-like object fsrc to the file-like object fdst . The integer length , if given, is the buffer size. In particular, a negative length value means to copy the data without looping over the source data in chunks; by default the data is read in chunks to avoid uncontrolled memory consumption. Note that if the current file position of the fsrc object is not 0, only the contents from the current file position to the end of the file will be copied.

shutil. copyfile ( src , dst , * , follow_symlinks=True ) ¶

Copy the contents (no metadata) of the file named src to a file named dst 并返回 dst in the most efficient way possible. src and dst are path-like objects or path names given as strings.

dst must be the complete target file name; look at copy() for a copy that accepts a target directory path. If src and dst specify the same file, SameFileError 被引发。

The destination location must be writable; otherwise, an OSError exception will be raised. If dst already exists, it will be replaced. Special files such as character or block devices and pipes cannot be copied with this function.

若 follow_symlinks is false and src is a symbolic link, a new symbolic link will be created instead of copying the file src points to.

引发 审计事件 shutil.copyfile 采用自变量 src , dst .

3.3 版改变： IOError 用于被引用而不是 OSError . Added follow_symlinks argument. Now returns dst .

3.4 版改变： 引发 SameFileError 而不是 Error . Since the former is a subclass of the latter, this change is backward compatible.

3.8 版改变： Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to copy the file more efficiently. See 从属平台的高效拷贝操作 章节。

exception shutil. SameFileError ¶

This exception is raised if source and destination in copyfile() 是同一文件。

3.4 版新增。

shutil. copymode ( src , dst , * , follow_symlinks=True ) ¶

Copy the permission bits from src to dst . The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. src and dst are path-like objects or path names given as strings. If follow_symlinks is false, and both src and dst are symbolic links, copymode() will attempt to modify the mode of dst itself (rather than the file it points to). This functionality is not available on every platform; please see copystat() for more information. If copymode() cannot modify symbolic links on the local platform, and it is asked to do so, it will do nothing and return.

引发 审计事件 shutil.copymode 采用自变量 src , dst .

3.3 版改变： 添加 follow_symlinks 自变量。

shutil. copystat ( src , dst , * , follow_symlinks=True ) ¶

Copy the permission bits, last access time, last modification time, and flags from src to dst 。在 Linux， copystat() also copies the “extended attributes” where possible. The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. src and dst are path-like objects or path names given as strings.

若 follow_symlinks is false, and src and dst both refer to symbolic links, copystat() will operate on the symbolic links themselves rather than the files the symbolic links refer to—reading the information from the src symbolic link, and writing the information to the dst symbolic link.

注意

Not all platforms provide the ability to examine and modify symbolic links. Python itself can tell you what functionality is locally available.

• 若 os.chmod in os.supports_follow_symlinks is True , copystat() can modify the permission bits of a symbolic link.

• 若 os.utime in os.supports_follow_symlinks is True , copystat() can modify the last access and modification times of a symbolic link.

• 若 os.chflags in os.supports_follow_symlinks is True , copystat() can modify the flags of a symbolic link. ( os.chflags is not available on all platforms.)

On platforms where some or all of this functionality is unavailable, when asked to modify a symbolic link, copystat() will copy everything it can. copystat() never returns failure.

请参阅 os.supports_follow_symlinks 了解更多信息。

引发 审计事件 shutil.copystat 采用自变量 src , dst .

3.3 版改变： 添加 follow_symlinks argument and support for Linux extended attributes.

shutil. copy ( src , dst , * , follow_symlinks=True ) ¶

拷贝文件 src to the file or directory dst . src and dst 应该为 像路径对象 or strings. If dst specifies a directory, the file will be copied into dst using the base filename from src . Returns the path to the newly created file.

若 follow_symlinks is false, and src is a symbolic link, dst will be created as a symbolic link. If follow_symlinks 为 True 和 src is a symbolic link, dst will be a copy of the file src refers to.

copy() copies the file data and the file’s permission mode (see os.chmod() ). Other metadata, like the file’s creation and modification times, is not preserved. To preserve all file metadata from the original, use copy2() 代替。

引发 审计事件 shutil.copyfile 采用自变量 src , dst .

引发 审计事件 shutil.copymode 采用自变量 src , dst .

3.3 版改变： 添加 follow_symlinks argument. Now returns path to the newly created file.

3.8 版改变： Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to copy the file more efficiently. See 从属平台的高效拷贝操作 章节。

shutil. copy2 ( src , dst , * , follow_symlinks=True ) ¶

等同于 copy() 除了 copy2() 还试图保留文件元数据。

当 follow_symlinks is false, and src is a symbolic link, copy2() attempts to copy all metadata from the src symbolic link to the newly-created dst symbolic link. However, this functionality is not available on all platforms. On platforms where some or all of this functionality is unavailable, copy2() will preserve all the metadata it can; copy2() never raises an exception because it cannot preserve file metadata.

copy2() 使用 copystat() to copy the file metadata. Please see copystat() for more information about platform support for modifying symbolic link metadata.

引发 审计事件 shutil.copyfile 采用自变量 src , dst .

引发 审计事件 shutil.copystat 采用自变量 src , dst .

3.3 版改变： 添加 follow_symlinks argument, try to copy extended file system attributes too (currently Linux only). Now returns path to the newly created file.

3.8 版改变： Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to copy the file more efficiently. See 从属平台的高效拷贝操作 章节。

shutil. ignore_patterns ( *patterns ) ¶

This factory function creates a function that can be used as a callable for copytree() ’s ignore argument, ignoring files and directories that match one of the glob-style patterns provided. See the example below.

shutil. copytree ( src , dst , symlinks=False , ignore=None , copy_function=copy2 , ignore_dangling_symlinks=False , dirs_exist_ok=False ) ¶

Recursively copy an entire directory tree rooted at src to a directory named dst and return the destination directory. dirs_exist_ok dictates whether to raise an exception in case dst or any missing parent directory already exists.

Permissions and times of directories are copied with copystat() , individual files are copied using copy2() .

若 symlinks is true, symbolic links in the source tree are represented as symbolic links in the new tree and the metadata of the original links will be copied as far as the platform allows; if false or omitted, the contents and metadata of the linked files are copied to the new tree.

当 symlinks is false, if the file pointed by the symlink doesn’t exist, an exception will be added in the list of errors raised in an Error exception at the end of the copy process. You can set the optional ignore_dangling_symlinks flag to true if you want to silence this exception. Notice that this option has no effect on platforms that don’t support os.symlink() .

若 ignore is given, it must be a callable that will receive as its arguments the directory being visited by copytree() , and a list of its contents, as returned by os.listdir() . Since copytree() is called recursively, the ignore callable will be called once for each directory that is copied. The callable must return a sequence of directory and file names relative to the current directory (i.e. a subset of the items in its second argument); these names will then be ignored in the copy process. ignore_patterns() can be used to create such a callable that ignores names based on glob-style patterns.

若发生异常， Error is raised with a list of reasons.

若 copy_function is given, it must be a callable that will be used to copy each file. It will be called with the source path and the destination path as arguments. By default, copy2() is used, but any function that supports the same signature (like copy() ) can be used.

引发 审计事件 shutil.copytree 采用自变量 src , dst .

3.3 版改变： 拷贝元数据当 symlinks is false. Now returns dst .

3.2 版改变： 添加 copy_function argument to be able to provide a custom copy function. Added the ignore_dangling_symlinks argument to silent dangling symlinks errors when symlinks 为 False。

3.8 版改变： Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to copy the file more efficiently. See 从属平台的高效拷贝操作 章节。

3.8 版新增： dirs_exist_ok 参数。

shutil. rmtree ( path , ignore_errors=False , onerror=None ) ¶

Delete an entire directory tree; path must point to a directory (but not a symbolic link to a directory). If ignore_errors is true, errors resulting from failed removals will be ignored; if false or omitted, such errors are handled by calling a handler specified by onerror or, if that is omitted, they raise an exception.

注意

On platforms that support the necessary fd-based functions a symlink attack resistant version of rmtree() is used by default. On other platforms, the rmtree() implementation is susceptible to a symlink attack: given proper timing and circumstances, attackers can manipulate symlinks on the filesystem to delete files they wouldn’t be able to access otherwise. Applications can use the rmtree.avoids_symlink_attacks function attribute to determine which case applies.

若 onerror is provided, it must be a callable that accepts three parameters: function , path ，和 excinfo .

The first parameter, function , is the function which raised the exception; it depends on the platform and implementation. The second parameter, path , will be the path name passed to function . The third parameter, excinfo , will be the exception information returned by sys.exc_info() . Exceptions raised by onerror will not be caught.

引发 审计事件 shutil.rmtree 采用自变量 path .

3.3 版改变： Added a symlink attack resistant version that is used automatically if platform supports fd-based functions.

3.8 版改变： On Windows, will no longer delete the contents of a directory junction before removing the junction.

rmtree. avoids_symlink_attacks ¶

Indicates whether the current platform and implementation provides a symlink attack resistant version of rmtree() . Currently this is only true for platforms supporting fd-based directory access functions.

3.3 版新增。

shutil. move ( src , dst , copy_function=copy2 ) ¶

Recursively move a file or directory ( src ) to another location ( dst ) and return the destination.

If the destination is an existing directory, then src is moved inside that directory. If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics.

If the destination is on the current filesystem, then os.rename() is used. Otherwise, src is copied to dst 使用 copy_function and then removed. In case of symlinks, a new symlink pointing to the target of src will be created in or as dst and src will be removed.

若 copy_function is given, it must be a callable that takes two arguments src and dst , and will be used to copy src to dst if os.rename() cannot be used. If the source is a directory, copytree() is called, passing it the copy_function() 。默认 copy_function is copy2() . Using copy() 作为 copy_function allows the move to succeed when it is not possible to also copy the metadata, at the expense of not copying any of the metadata.

引发 审计事件 shutil.move 采用自变量 src , dst .

3.3 版改变： Added explicit symlink handling for foreign filesystems, thus adapting it to the behavior of GNU’s mv . Now returns dst .

3.5 版改变： 添加 copy_function 关键词自变量。

3.8 版改变： Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to copy the file more efficiently. See 从属平台的高效拷贝操作 章节。

3.9 版改变： 接受 像路径对象 for both src and dst .

shutil. disk_usage ( path ) ¶

Return disk usage statistics about the given path as a 命名元组 with the attributes total , used and free , which are the amount of total, used and free space, in bytes. path may be a file or a directory.

3.3 版新增。

3.8 版改变： 在 Windows， path can now be a file or directory.

可用性 : Unix, Windows.

shutil. chown ( path , user=None , group=None ) ¶

Change owner user and/or group of the given path .

user can be a system user name or a uid; the same applies to group . At least one argument is required.

另请参阅 os.chown() ，底层函数。

引发 审计事件 shutil.chown 采用自变量 path , user , group .

可用性 : Unix.

3.3 版新增。

shutil. which ( cmd , mode=os.F_OK | os.X_OK , path=None ) ¶

Return the path to an executable which would be run if the given cmd was called. If no cmd would be called, return None .

mode is a permission mask passed to os.access() , by default determining if the file exists and executable.

When no path is specified, the results of os.environ() are used, returning either the “PATH” value or a fallback of os.defpath .

On Windows, the current directory is always prepended to the path whether or not you use the default or provide your own, which is the behavior the command shell uses when finding executables. Additionally, when finding the cmd 在 path ， PATHEXT environment variable is checked. For example, if you call shutil.which("python") , which() will search PATHEXT to know that it should look for python.exe within the path directories. For example, on Windows:

>>> shutil.which("python")
'C:\\Python33\\python.EXE'
										

3.3 版新增。

3.8 版改变： bytes 类型现在接受。若 cmd 类型为 bytes ，结果类型也是 bytes .

exception shutil. Error ¶

This exception collects exceptions that are raised during a multi-file operation. For copytree() , the exception argument is a list of 3-tuples ( srcname , dstname , exception ).

def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False):
    names = os.listdir(src)
    os.makedirs(dst)
    errors = []
    for name in names:
        srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
        dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
        try:
            if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):
                linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
                os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
            elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
                copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks)
            else:
                copy2(srcname, dstname)
            # XXX What about devices, sockets etc.?
        except OSError as why:
            errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
        # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
        # continue with other files
        except Error as err:
            errors.extend(err.args[0])
    try:
        copystat(src, dst)
    except OSError as why:
        # can't copy file access times on Windows
        if why.winerror is None:
            errors.extend((src, dst, str(why)))
    if errors:
        raise Error(errors)
									

from shutil import copytree, ignore_patterns
copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))
									

from shutil import copytree
import logging
def _logpath(path, names):
    logging.info('Working in %s', path)
    return []   # nothing will be ignored
copytree(source, destination, ignore=_logpath)
									

import os, stat
import shutil
def remove_readonly(func, path, _):
    "Clear the readonly bit and reattempt the removal"
    os.chmod(path, stat.S_IWRITE)
    func(path)
shutil.rmtree(directory, onerror=remove_readonly)
									

存档操作 ¶

High-level utilities to create and read compressed and archived files are also provided. They rely on the zipfile and tarfile 模块。

shutil. make_archive ( base_name , format [ , root_dir [ , base_dir [ , verbose [ , dry_run [ , owner [ , group [ , logger ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ) ¶

创建存档文件 (譬如 zip 或 tar) 并返回其名称。

base_name is the name of the file to create, including the path, minus any format-specific extension. format is the archive format: one of “zip” (if the zlib module is available), “tar”, “gztar” (if the zlib module is available), “bztar” (if the bz2 module is available), or “xztar” (if the lzma module is available).

root_dir is a directory that will be the root directory of the archive, all paths in the archive will be relative to it; for example, we typically chdir into root_dir before creating the archive.

base_dir is the directory where we start archiving from; i.e. base_dir will be the common prefix of all files and directories in the archive. base_dir must be given relative to root_dir 。见 Archiving example with base_dir for how to use base_dir and root_dir 在一起。

root_dir and base_dir both default to the current directory.

若 dry_run is true, no archive is created, but the operations that would be executed are logged to logger .

owner and group are used when creating a tar archive. By default, uses the current owner and group.

logger must be an object compatible with PEP 282 , usually an instance of logging.Logger .

verbose argument is unused and deprecated.

引发 审计事件 shutil.make_archive 采用自变量 base_name , format , root_dir , base_dir .

注意

This function is not thread-safe.

3.8 版改变： The modern pax (POSIX.1-2001) format is now used instead of the legacy GNU format for archives created with format="tar" .

shutil. get_archive_formats ( ) ¶

Return a list of supported formats for archiving. Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple (name, description) .

默认情况下 shutil 提供这些格式：

• zip : ZIP file (if the zlib module is available).

• tar : Uncompressed tar file. Uses POSIX.1-2001 pax format for new archives.

• gztar : gzip’ed tar-file (if the zlib module is available).

• bztar : bzip2’ed tar-file (if the bz2 module is available).

• xztar : xz’ed tar-file (if the lzma module is available).

You can register new formats or provide your own archiver for any existing formats, by using register_archive_format() .

shutil. register_archive_format ( name , function [ , extra_args [ , description ] ] ) ¶

Register an archiver for the format name .

function is the callable that will be used to unpack archives. The callable will receive the base_name of the file to create, followed by the base_dir (which defaults to os.curdir ) to start archiving from. Further arguments are passed as keyword arguments: owner , group , dry_run and logger (as passed in make_archive() ).

若给定， extra_args is a sequence of (name, value) pairs that will be used as extra keywords arguments when the archiver callable is used.

description is used by get_archive_formats() which returns the list of archivers. Defaults to an empty string.

shutil. unregister_archive_format ( name ) ¶

Remove the archive format name from the list of supported formats.

shutil. unpack_archive ( filename [ , extract_dir [ , format ] ] ) ¶

Unpack an archive. filename is the full path of the archive.

extract_dir is the name of the target directory where the archive is unpacked. If not provided, the current working directory is used.

format is the archive format: one of “zip”, “tar”, “gztar”, “bztar”, or “xztar”. Or any other format registered with register_unpack_format() . If not provided, unpack_archive() will use the archive file name extension and see if an unpacker was registered for that extension. In case none is found, a ValueError 被引发。

引发 审计事件 shutil.unpack_archive 采用自变量 filename , extract_dir , format .

3.7 版改变： 接受 像路径对象 for filename and extract_dir .

shutil. register_unpack_format ( name , extensions , function [ , extra_args [ , description ] ] ) ¶

Registers an unpack format. name is the name of the format and extensions is a list of extensions corresponding to the format, like .zip for Zip files.

function is the callable that will be used to unpack archives. The callable will receive the path of the archive, followed by the directory the archive must be extracted to.

When provided, extra_args is a sequence of (name, value) tuples that will be passed as keywords arguments to the callable.

description can be provided to describe the format, and will be returned by the get_unpack_formats() 函数。

shutil. unregister_unpack_format ( name ) ¶

Unregister an unpack format. name is the name of the format.

shutil. get_unpack_formats ( ) ¶

Return a list of all registered formats for unpacking. Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple (name, extensions, description) .

默认情况下 shutil 提供这些格式：

• zip : ZIP file (unpacking compressed files works only if the corresponding module is available).

• tar : uncompressed tar file.

• gztar : gzip’ed tar-file (if the zlib module is available).

• bztar : bzip2’ed tar-file (if the bz2 module is available).

• xztar : xz’ed tar-file (if the lzma module is available).

You can register new formats or provide your own unpacker for any existing formats, by using register_unpack_format() .

>>> from shutil import make_archive
>>> import os
>>> archive_name = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', 'myarchive'))
>>> root_dir = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', '.ssh'))
>>> make_archive(archive_name, 'gztar', root_dir)
'/Users/tarek/myarchive.tar.gz'
									

$ tar -tzvf /Users/tarek/myarchive.tar.gz
drwx------ tarek/staff       0 2010-02-01 16:23:40 ./
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff     609 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./authorized_keys
-rwxr-xr-x tarek/staff      65 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./config
-rwx------ tarek/staff     668 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_dsa
-rwxr-xr-x tarek/staff     609 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_dsa.pub
-rw------- tarek/staff    1675 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_rsa
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff     397 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_rsa.pub
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff   37192 2010-02-06 18:23:10 ./known_hosts
									

$ tree tmp
tmp
└── root
    └── structure
        ├── content
            └── please_add.txt
        └── do_not_add.txt
									

>>> from shutil import make_archive
>>> import os
>>> archive_name = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', 'myarchive'))
>>> make_archive(
...     archive_name,
...     'tar',
...     root_dir='tmp/root',
...     base_dir='structure/content',
... )
'/Users/tarek/my_archive.tar'
									

$ python -m tarfile -l /Users/tarek/myarchive.tar
structure/content/
structure/content/please_add.txt
									

查询输出终端的大小 ¶

shutil. get_terminal_size ( fallback=(columns , lines) ) ¶

获取终端窗口的大小。

For each of the two dimensions, the environment variable, COLUMNS and LINES respectively, is checked. If the variable is defined and the value is a positive integer, it is used.

当 COLUMNS or LINES is not defined, which is the common case, the terminal connected to sys.__stdout__ is queried by invoking os.get_terminal_size() .

If the terminal size cannot be successfully queried, either because the system doesn’t support querying, or because we are not connected to a terminal, the value given in fallback parameter is used. fallback 默认为 (80, 24) which is the default size used by many terminal emulators.

The value returned is a named tuple of type os.terminal_size .

See also: The Single UNIX Specification, Version 2, 其它环境变量 .

3.3 版新增。