os
— 杂项操作系统接口
¶
源代码: Lib/os.py
此模块提供使用操作系统从属功能的可移植方式。若仅仅想要读取或写入文件,见
open()
,若想要操纵路径,见
os.path
模块,若想要在命令行中读取所有文件中的所有行,见
fileinput
模块。对于创建临时文件和目录,见
tempfile
模块,对于高级文件和目录处理,见
shutil
模块。
有关这些函数的可用性的注意事项:
Python 所有内置操作系统依赖模块的设计是这样的,只要相同功能可用,就使用相同接口;例如,函数
os.stat(path)
返回的统计信息关于
path
按相同格式 (恰好发源于 POSIX 接口)。
特定操作系统的特有扩展也可用透过
os
模块,但使用它们当然威及可移植性。
所有接受路径或文件名两者的函数都接受字节和字符串对象,且结果为相同类型对象若返回路径或文件名。
在 VxWorks,不支持 os.fork、os.execv 及 os.spawn*p*。
注意
此模块中的所有函数会引发
OSError
(或其子类) 若文件名和路径无效或不可访问,或拥有正确类型但不被操作系统所接受的其它自变量。
os.
名称
¶
操作系统的名称从属模块导入。目前有注册下列名称:
'posix'
,
'nt'
,
'java'
.
另请参阅
sys.platform
有更细粒度。
os.uname()
给出系统从属版本信息。
The
platform
模块提供系统身份的详细校验。
In Python, file names, command line arguments, and environment variables are represented using the string type. On some systems, decoding these strings to and from bytes is necessary before passing them to the operating system. Python uses the file system encoding to perform this conversion (see
sys.getfilesystemencoding()
).
3.1 版改变: 在某些系统,使用文件系统编码转换可能失败。在这种情况下,Python 使用 surrogateescape (替代转义) 编码错误处理程序 ,意味着不可解码的 bytes 在解码时会被 Unicode 字符 U+DCxx 所替换,且这些在编码时会再次被翻译成原始 bytes。
The file system encoding must guarantee to successfully decode all bytes below 128. If the file system encoding fails to provide this guarantee, API functions may raise UnicodeErrors.
这些函数和数据项提供信息并运转于当前进程和用户。
os.
environ
¶
A
映射
对象表示字符串环境。例如,
environ['HOME']
是 Home (主) 目录的路径名 (在某些平台),且相当于
getenv("HOME")
在 C。
捕获此映射,当首次
os
模块被导入时,通常在 Python 启动期间,属于处理
site.py
。在此时间后对环境做出的改变,不会反射在
os.environ
, 除了做出的改变是通过修改
os.environ
直接。
若平台支持
putenv()
函数,此映射可用于修改环境及查询环境。
putenv()
将被自动调用当映射被修改时。
在 Unix,键和值使用
sys.getfilesystemencoding()
and
'surrogateescape'
错误处理程序。可以使用
environb
若愿意使用不同的编码。
注意
调用
putenv()
直接不改变
os.environ
,因此最好修改
os.environ
.
注意
在某些平台,括 FreeBSD 和 Mac OS X,设置
environ
可能导致内存泄漏。参考系统文档编制了解
putenv()
.
若
putenv()
is not provided, a modified copy of this mapping may be passed to the appropriate process-creation functions to cause child processes to use a modified environment.
若平台支持
unsetenv()
function, you can delete items in this mapping to unset environment variables.
unsetenv()
会被自动调用当删除项从
os.environ
,和当某一
pop()
or
clear()
方法被调用。
os.
environb
¶
字节版本的
environ
:
映射
对象以字节字符串形式表示环境。
environ
and
environb
是同步的 (修改
environb
更新
environ
,反之亦然)。
environb
才可用,若
supports_bytes_environ
is
True
.
3.2 版新增。
os.
chdir
(
path
)
os.
fchdir
(
fd
)
os.
getcwd
(
)
这些函数的描述,位于 文件和目录 .
os.
fsencode
(
filename
)
¶
编码
像路径
filename
成文件系统编码采用
'surrogateescape'
错误处理程序,或
'strict'
在 Windows;返回
bytes
不变。
fsdecode()
是反函数。
3.2 版新增。
3.6 版改变:
添加支持以接受对象实现
os.PathLike
接口。
os.
fsdecode
(
filename
)
¶
解码
像路径
filename
从文件系统编码采用
'surrogateescape'
错误处理程序,或
'strict'
在 Windows;返回
str
不变。
fsencode()
是反函数。
3.2 版新增。
3.6 版改变:
添加支持以接受对象实现
os.PathLike
接口。
os.
fspath
(
path
)
¶
返回路径的文件系统表示。
若
str
or
bytes
被传入,它将不变返回。否则
__fspath__()
被调用并返回其值,若它是
str
or
bytes
对象。在所有其它情况下,
TypeError
被引发。
3.6 版新增。
os.
PathLike
¶
An
抽象基类
用于表示文件系统路径的对象,如
pathlib.PurePath
.
3.6 版新增。
os.
getenv
(
key
,
default=None
)
¶
返回值对于环境变量 key 若存在,或 default 若它没有。 key , default 且结果是 str。
在 Unix,解码键和值采用
sys.getfilesystemencoding()
and
'surrogateescape'
错误处理程序。可以使用
os.getenvb()
若愿意使用不同的编码。
可用性 :大多数风味的 Unix、Windows。
os.
getenvb
(
key
,
default=None
)
¶
返回值对于环境变量 key 若存在,或 default 若它没有。 key , default 且结果是 bytes。
getenvb()
才可用,若
supports_bytes_environ
is
True
.
可用性 :大多数风味的 Unix。
3.2 版新增。
os.
get_exec_path
(
env=None
)
¶
Returns the list of directories that will be searched for a named executable, similar to a shell, when launching a process.
env
, when specified, should be an environment variable dictionary to lookup the PATH in. By default, when
env
is
None
,
environ
被使用。
3.2 版新增。
os.
getgrouplist
(
user
,
group
)
¶
Return list of group ids that user belongs to. If group is not in the list, it is included; typically, group is specified as the group ID field from the password record for user .
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增。
os.
getgroups
(
)
¶
返回关联当前进程的补充组 ID 的列表。
可用性 :Unix。
注意
在 Mac OS X,
getgroups()
behavior differs somewhat from other Unix platforms. If the Python interpreter was built with a deployment target of
10.5
or earlier,
getgroups()
returns the list of effective group ids associated with the current user process; this list is limited to a system-defined number of entries, typically 16, and may be modified by calls to
setgroups()
if suitably privileged. If built with a deployment target greater than
10.5
,
getgroups()
returns the current group access list for the user associated with the effective user id of the process; the group access list may change over the lifetime of the process, it is not affected by calls to
setgroups()
, and its length is not limited to 16. The deployment target value,
MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET
, can be obtained with
sysconfig.get_config_var()
.
os.
getlogin
(
)
¶
返回进程控制终端的登录用户名。对于大多数目的,更有用的是使用
getpass.getuser()
因为后者校验环境变量
LOGNAME
or
USERNAME
以找出用户是谁,并回退到
pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid())[0]
以获取当前真实用户 ID 的登录名。
可用性 :Unix、Windows。
os.
getpid
(
)
¶
返回当前进程 ID。
os.
getppid
(
)
¶
返回父级的进程 ID。当父级进程已退出时,在 Unix 返回 ID 是 init 进程 (1) 之一,在 Windows 仍是相同 ID,可能已被另一进程所重用。
可用性 :Unix、Windows。
3.2 版改变: 添加支持 Windows。
os.
getpriority
(
which
,
who
)
¶
获取程序调度优先级。值
which
是某一
PRIO_PROCESS
,
PRIO_PGRP
,或
PRIO_USER
,和
who
的解释相对于
which
(进程标识符为
PRIO_PROCESS
,进程组标识符为
PRIO_PGRP
,和用户 ID 为
PRIO_USER
)。0 值对于
who
(分别) 表示调用进程、调用进程的进程组、或调用进程的真实用户 ID。
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增。
os.
PRIO_PROCESS
¶
os.
PRIO_PGRP
¶
os.
PRIO_USER
¶
参数用于
getpriority()
and
setpriority()
函数。
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增。
os.
initgroups
(
username
,
gid
)
¶
Call the system initgroups() to initialize the group access list with all of the groups of which the specified username is a member, plus the specified group id.
可用性 :Unix。
3.2 版新增。
os.
putenv
(
key
,
value
)
¶
设置环境变量命名
key
到字符串
value
。对环境的这种改变会影响子进程的启动采用
os.system()
,
popen()
or
fork()
and
execv()
.
可用性 :大多数风味的 Unix、Windows。
注意
在某些平台,括 FreeBSD 和 Mac OS X,设置
environ
may cause memory leaks. Refer to the system documentation for putenv.
当
putenv()
is supported, assignments to items in
os.environ
会被自动翻译成相应调用
putenv()
;不管怎样,调用
putenv()
不更新
os.environ
, so it is actually preferable to assign to items of
os.environ
.
引发
审计事件
os.putenv
采用自变量
key
,
value
.
os.
setgroups
(
groups
)
¶
Set the list of supplemental group ids associated with the current process to groups . groups must be a sequence, and each element must be an integer identifying a group. This operation is typically available only to the superuser.
可用性 :Unix。
注意
On Mac OS X, the length of
groups
may not exceed the system-defined maximum number of effective group ids, typically 16. See the documentation for
getgroups()
for cases where it may not return the same group list set by calling setgroups().
os.
setpgrp
(
)
¶
调用系统调用
setpgrp()
or
setpgrp(0, 0)
depending on which version is implemented (if any). See the Unix manual for the semantics.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
setpgid
(
pid
,
pgrp
)
¶
调用系统调用
setpgid()
to set the process group id of the process with id
pid
to the process group with id
pgrp
。见 Unix 手册了解语义。
可用性 :Unix。
os.
setpriority
(
which
,
who
,
priority
)
¶
设置程序调度优先级。值
which
是某一
PRIO_PROCESS
,
PRIO_PGRP
,或
PRIO_USER
,和
who
的解释相对于
which
(进程标识符为
PRIO_PROCESS
,进程组标识符为
PRIO_PGRP
,和用户 ID 为
PRIO_USER
)。0 值对于
who
(分别) 表示调用进程、调用进程的进程组、或调用进程的真实用户 ID。
priority
是在 -20 到 19 范围内的值。默认优先级为 0;较低优先级导致更利于调度。
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增。
os.
strerror
(
code
)
¶
Return the error message corresponding to the error code in
code
. On platforms where
strerror()
返回
NULL
when given an unknown error number,
ValueError
被引发。
os.
supports_bytes_environ
¶
True
若环境的本机 OS 类型是字节 (如
False
在 Windows)。
3.2 版新增。
os.
umask
(
mask
)
¶
设置当前数值 umask 并返回先前 umask。
os.
uname
(
)
¶
返回当前操作系统标识信息。返回值是具有 5 属性的对象:
sysname
- 操作系统名称
nodename
- 网络中的机器名称 (实现定义)
release
- 操作系统发行
version
- 操作系统版本
machine
- 硬件标识符
For backwards compatibility, this object is also iterable, behaving like a five-tuple containing
sysname
,
nodename
,
release
,
version
,和
machine
in that order.
某些系统截取
nodename
至 8 个字符或至前导分量;获取主机名的更优办法是
socket.gethostname()
或者甚至
socket.gethostbyaddr(socket.gethostname())
.
可用性 :最近风味的 Unix。
3.3 版改变: 返回类型从元组更改为具有命名属性的像元组对象。
os.
unsetenv
(
key
)
¶
取消设置 (删除) 环境变量命名
key
。对环境的这种改变会影响子进程的启动采用
os.system()
,
popen()
or
fork()
and
execv()
.
当
unsetenv()
is supported, deletion of items in
os.environ
is automatically translated into a corresponding call to
unsetenv()
;不管怎样,调用
unsetenv()
不更新
os.environ
, so it is actually preferable to delete items of
os.environ
.
引发
审计事件
os.unsetenv
采用自变量
key
.
可用性 :大多数风味的 Unix。
这些函数创建新的
文件对象
。(另请参阅
open()
用于打开文件描述符。)
os.
fdopen
(
fd
,
*args
,
**kwargs
)
¶
返回的打开文件对象被连接到文件描述符
fd
。这是别名化的
open()
内置函数且接受相同自变量。唯一差异是第一自变量
fdopen()
必须始终为整数。
这些函数运转于使用文件描述符引用的 I/O 流。
文件描述符是对应当前进程打开文件的小整数。例如,标准输入文件描述符通常是 0,标准输出是 1,标准错误是 2。然后,进一步由进程打开的文件会被赋值 3、4、5,依此类推。"文件描述符" 名称有点欺骗性;在 Unix 平台,套接字和管道也被文件描述符引用。
The
fileno()
方法可以用于获得文件描述符关联
文件对象
当要求时。 注意,直接使用文件描述符将绕过文件对象方法,忽略譬如数据内部缓冲方面。
os.
close
(
fd
)
¶
关闭文件描述符 fd .
注意
此函数旨在低级 I/O 且必须应用于文件描述符如返回通过
os.open()
or
pipe()
。要关闭 "文件对象" 返回通过内置函数
open()
或通过
popen()
or
fdopen()
,使用其
close()
方法。
os.
closerange
(
fd_low
,
fd_high
)
¶
关闭所有文件描述符从 fd_low (包括在内) 到 fd_high (排除),忽略错误。相当于 (但更快相比):
for fd in range(fd_low, fd_high): try: os.close(fd) except OSError: pass
os.
copy_file_range
(
src
,
dst
,
count
,
offset_src=None
,
offset_dst=None
)
¶
拷贝
count
字节从文件描述符
src
, starting from offset
offset_src
, to file descriptor
dst
, starting from offset
offset_dst
。若
offset_src
is None, then
src
is read from the current position; respectively for
offset_dst
. The files pointed by
src
and
dst
must reside in the same filesystem, otherwise an
OSError
被引发采用
errno
设为
errno.EXDEV
.
This copy is done without the additional cost of transferring data from the kernel to user space and then back into the kernel. Additionally, some filesystems could implement extra optimizations. The copy is done as if both files are opened as binary.
The return value is the amount of bytes copied. This could be less than the amount requested.
可用性 : Linux kernel >= 4.5 or glibc >= 2.27.
3.8 版新增。
os.
dup
(
fd
)
¶
返回复制的文件描述符 fd 。新文件描述符 不可继承 .
在 Windows,当复制标准流 (0:stdin、1:stdout、2:stderr) 时, 新文件描述符 可继承 .
3.4 版改变: 现在,新文件描述符不可继承。
os.
dup2
(
fd
,
fd2
,
inheritable=True
)
¶
复制文件描述符
fd
to
fd2
,首先关闭后者若有必要。返回
fd2
。新文件描述符
可继承
默认情况下或不可继承若
inheritable
is
False
.
3.4 版改变: 添加可选 inheritable 参数。
3.7 版改变:
返回
fd2
当成功时。先前,
None
总是被返回。
os.
fchmod
(
fd
,
mode
)
¶
更改模式对于文件给出通过
fd
到数值
mode
。见文档为
chmod()
了解可能值对于
mode
。从 Python 3.3 起,这相当于
os.chmod(fd, mode)
.
引发
审计事件
os.chmod
采用自变量
path
,
mode
,
dir_fd
.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
fchown
(
fd
,
uid
,
gid
)
¶
更改所有者和组 ID 对于文件给出通过
fd
到数值
uid
and
gid
。要使某一 ID 留下不变,将它设为 -1。见
chown()
。从 Python 3.3 起,这相当于
os.chown(fd, uid,
gid)
.
引发
审计事件
os.chown
采用自变量
path
,
uid
,
gid
,
dir_fd
.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
fpathconf
(
fd
,
name
)
¶
返回打开文件相关的系统配置信息。
name
specifies the configuration value to retrieve; it may be a string which is the name of a defined system value; these names are specified in a number of standards (POSIX.1, Unix 95, Unix 98, and others). Some platforms define additional names as well. The names known to the host operating system are given in the
pathconf_names
dictionary. For configuration variables not included in that mapping, passing an integer for
name
is also accepted.
若
name
是字符串且未知,
ValueError
被引发。若特定值对于
name
主机系统不支持,即使包括在
pathconf_names
,
OSError
被引发采用
errno.EINVAL
对于错误编号。
从 Python 3.3 起,这相当于
os.pathconf(fd, name)
.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
fstat
(
fd
)
¶
获取状态对于文件描述符
fd
。返回
stat_result
对象。
从 Python 3.3 起,这相当于
os.stat(fd)
.
另请参阅
The
stat()
函数。
os.
fstatvfs
(
fd
)
¶
Return information about the filesystem containing the file associated with file descriptor
fd
,像
statvfs()
。从 Python 3.3 起,这相当于
os.statvfs(fd)
.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
fsync
(
fd
)
¶
强制写入文件采用文件描述符
fd
到磁盘。在 Unix,这调用本机
fsync()
函数;在 Windows,MS
_commit()
函数。
若正开始采用缓冲 Python
文件对象
f
,首先做
f.flush()
,然后做
os.fsync(f.fileno())
,以确保所有内部缓冲关联的
f
被写入磁盘。
可用性 :Unix、Windows。
os.
ftruncate
(
fd
,
length
)
¶
截取文件所对应的文件描述符
fd
,因此最多
length
字节按大小。从 Python 3.3 起,这相当于
os.truncate(fd, length)
.
引发
审计事件
os.truncate
采用自变量
fd
,
length
.
可用性 :Unix、Windows。
3.5 版改变: 添加支持 Windows
os.
get_blocking
(
fd
)
¶
获取文件描述符的阻塞模式:
False
若
O_NONBLOCK
标志有设置,
True
若标志被清零。
另请参阅
set_blocking()
and
socket.socket.setblocking()
.
可用性 :Unix。
3.5 版新增。
os.
isatty
(
fd
)
¶
返回
True
若文件描述符
fd
被打开 且已连接到像 tty 设备,否则
False
.
os.
lockf
(
fd
,
cmd
,
len
)
¶
Apply, test or remove a POSIX lock on an open file descriptor.
fd
is an open file descriptor.
cmd
specifies the command to use - one of
F_LOCK
,
F_TLOCK
,
F_ULOCK
or
F_TEST
.
len
specifies the section of the file to lock.
引发
审计事件
os.lockf
采用自变量
fd
,
cmd
,
len
.
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增。
os.
lseek
(
fd
,
pos
,
how
)
¶
Set the current position of file descriptor
fd
to position
pos
, modified by
how
:
SEEK_SET
or
0
to set the position relative to the beginning of the file;
SEEK_CUR
or
1
to set it relative to the current position;
SEEK_END
or
2
to set it relative to the end of the file. Return the new cursor position in bytes, starting from the beginning.
os.
SEEK_SET
¶
os.
SEEK_CUR
¶
os.
SEEK_END
¶
参数用于
lseek()
函数。它们的值分别为 0、1、和 2。
3.3 版新增:
某些操作系统可以支持额外值,像
os.SEEK_HOLE
or
os.SEEK_DATA
.
os.
open
(
path
,
flags
,
mode=0o777
,
*
,
dir_fd=None
)
¶
打开文件 path 和设置各种标志根据 flags 且其模式可能根据 mode 。当计算 mode ,会先屏蔽掉当前 umask 值。返回新近打开文件的文件描述符。新文件描述符 不可继承 .
对于 flags 和 mode 值的描述,见 C 运行时文档编制;flags 常量 (像
O_RDONLY
and
O_WRONLY
) 的定义在
os
模块。尤其,在 Windows 添加
O_BINARY
需要以二进制模式打开文件。
此函数可以支持 相对于目录描述符的路径 采用 dir_fd 参数。
引发
审计事件
open
采用自变量
path
,
mode
,
flags
.
3.4 版改变: 现在,新文件描述符不可继承。
注意
此函数旨在低级 I/O。对于正常用法,使用内置函数
open()
,其返回
文件对象
with
read()
and
write()
方法 (及更多)。要包裹文件对象的文件描述符,使用
fdopen()
.
3.3 版新增: The dir_fd 自变量。
3.5 版改变:
若系统调用被中断且信号处理程序未引发异常,函数现在会重试系统调用而不是引发
InterruptedError
异常 (见
PEP 475
了解基本原理)。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
下列常量是选项对于
flags
参数用于
open()
函数。可以组合它们使用按位 OR 运算符
|
。它们中的一些不可用于所有平台。对于它们的可用性和用法的描述,请翻阅
open(2)
手册页在 Unix 或
MSDN
在 Windows。
os.
O_RDONLY
¶
os.
O_WRONLY
¶
os.
O_RDWR
¶
os.
O_APPEND
¶
os.
O_CREAT
¶
os.
O_EXCL
¶
os.
O_TRUNC
¶
以上常量只可用于 Unix 和 Windows。
os.
O_DSYNC
¶
os.
O_RSYNC
¶
os.
O_SYNC
¶
os.
O_NDELAY
¶
os.
O_NONBLOCK
¶
os.
O_NOCTTY
¶
os.
O_CLOEXEC
¶
以上常量只可用于 Unix。
3.3 版改变:
添加
O_CLOEXEC
常量。
os.
O_BINARY
¶
os.
O_NOINHERIT
¶
os.
O_SHORT_LIVED
¶
os.
O_TEMPORARY
¶
os.
O_RANDOM
¶
os.
O_SEQUENTIAL
¶
os.
O_TEXT
¶
以上常量只可用于 Windows。
os.
O_ASYNC
¶
os.
O_DIRECT
¶
os.
O_DIRECTORY
¶
os.
O_NOFOLLOW
¶
os.
O_NOATIME
¶
os.
O_PATH
¶
os.
O_TMPFILE
¶
os.
O_SHLOCK
¶
os.
O_EXLOCK
¶
以上常量是扩展,且不存在若 C 库未定义它们。
3.4 版改变:
添加
O_PATH
在支持它的系统中。添加
O_TMPFILE
,只可用于 Linux 内核 3.11 或更高版本。
os.
openpty
(
)
¶
打开新的伪终端对。返回一对文件描述符
(master, slave)
for the pty and the tty, respectively. The new file descriptors are
不可继承
. For a (slightly) more portable approach, use the
pty
模块。
可用性 :某些风味的 Unix。
3.4 版改变: 新文件描述符现在不可继承。
os.
pipe
(
)
¶
创建管道。返回一对文件描述符
(r, w)
分别用于读取和写入。新文件描述符
不可继承
.
可用性 :Unix、Windows。
3.4 版改变: 新文件描述符现在不可继承。
os.
pipe2
(
flags
)
¶
创建管道采用
flags
原子设置。
flags
可以被构造通过将这些值中的一个或多个 OR 到一起:
O_NONBLOCK
,
O_CLOEXEC
。返回一对文件描述符
(r, w)
usable for reading and writing, respectively.
可用性 :某些风味的 Unix。
3.3 版新增。
os.
posix_fallocate
(
fd
,
offset
,
len
)
¶
Ensures that enough disk space is allocated for the file specified by fd starting from offset and continuing for len 字节。
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增。
os.
posix_fadvise
(
fd
,
offset
,
len
,
advice
)
¶
Announces an intention to access data in a specific pattern thus allowing the kernel to make optimizations. The advice applies to the region of the file specified by
fd
起始于
offset
and continuing for
len
字节。
advice
是某一
POSIX_FADV_NORMAL
,
POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL
,
POSIX_FADV_RANDOM
,
POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE
,
POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED
or
POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED
.
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增。
os.
POSIX_FADV_NORMAL
¶
os.
POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL
¶
os.
POSIX_FADV_RANDOM
¶
os.
POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE
¶
os.
POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED
¶
os.
POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED
¶
Flags that can be used in
advice
in
posix_fadvise()
that specify the access pattern that is likely to be used.
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增。
os.
pread
(
fd
,
n
,
offset
)
¶
读取最多 n 字节从文件描述符 fd at a position of offset , leaving the file offset unchanged.
Return a bytestring containing the bytes read. If the end of the file referred to by fd has been reached, an empty bytes object is returned.
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增。
os.
preadv
(
fd
,
buffers
,
offset
,
flags=0
)
¶
Read from a file descriptor fd at a position of offset into mutable 像字节对象 buffers , leaving the file offset unchanged. Transfer data into each buffer until it is full and then move on to the next buffer in the sequence to hold the rest of the data.
The flags argument contains a bitwise OR of zero or more of the following flags:
Return the total number of bytes actually read which can be less than the total capacity of all the objects.
The operating system may set a limit (
sysconf()
值
'SC_IOV_MAX'
) on the number of buffers that can be used.
Combine the functionality of
os.readv()
and
os.pread()
.
可用性 : Linux 2.6.30 and newer, FreeBSD 6.0 and newer, OpenBSD 2.7 and newer. Using flags requires Linux 4.6 or newer.
3.7 版新增。
os.
RWF_NOWAIT
¶
Do not wait for data which is not immediately available. If this flag is specified, the system call will return instantly if it would have to read data from the backing storage or wait for a lock.
If some data was successfully read, it will return the number of bytes read. If no bytes were read, it will return
-1
and set errno to
errno.EAGAIN
.
可用性 : Linux 4.14 and newer.
3.7 版新增。
os.
RWF_HIPRI
¶
High priority read/write. Allows block-based filesystems to use polling of the device, which provides lower latency, but may use additional resources.
Currently, on Linux, this feature is usable only on a file descriptor opened using the
O_DIRECT
标志。
可用性 : Linux 4.6 and newer.
3.7 版新增。
os.
pwrite
(
fd
,
str
,
offset
)
¶
写入字节字符串按 str 到文件描述符 fd at position of offset , leaving the file offset unchanged.
返回实际写入的字节数。
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增。
os.
pwritev
(
fd
,
buffers
,
offset
,
flags=0
)
¶
写入 buffers contents to file descriptor fd at a offset offset , leaving the file offset unchanged. buffers must be a sequence of 像字节对象 . Buffers are processed in array order. Entire contents of the first buffer is written before proceeding to the second, and so on.
The flags argument contains a bitwise OR of zero or more of the following flags:
Return the total number of bytes actually written.
The operating system may set a limit (
sysconf()
值
'SC_IOV_MAX'
) on the number of buffers that can be used.
Combine the functionality of
os.writev()
and
os.pwrite()
.
可用性 : Linux 2.6.30 and newer, FreeBSD 6.0 and newer, OpenBSD 2.7 and newer. Using flags requires Linux 4.7 or newer.
3.7 版新增。
os.
RWF_DSYNC
¶
Provide a per-write equivalent of the
O_DSYNC
open(2)
flag. This flag effect applies only to the data range written by the system call.
可用性 :Linux 4.7 及更高版本。
3.7 版新增。
os.
RWF_SYNC
¶
Provide a per-write equivalent of the
O_SYNC
open(2)
flag. This flag effect applies only to the data range written by the system call.
可用性 :Linux 4.7 及更高版本。
3.7 版新增。
os.
read
(
fd
,
n
)
¶
读取最多 n 字节从文件描述符 fd .
Return a bytestring containing the bytes read. If the end of the file referred to by fd has been reached, an empty bytes object is returned.
注意
此函数旨在低级 I/O 且必须应用于文件描述符如返回通过
os.open()
or
pipe()
. To read a “file object” returned by the built-in function
open()
或通过
popen()
or
fdopen()
,或
sys.stdin
,使用其
read()
or
readline()
方法。
3.5 版改变:
若系统调用被中断且信号处理程序未引发异常,函数现在会重试系统调用而不是引发
InterruptedError
异常 (见
PEP 475
了解基本原理)。
os.
sendfile
(
out
,
in
,
offset
,
count
)
¶
os.
sendfile
(
out
,
in
,
offset
,
count
,
[
headers
,
]
[
trailers
,
]
flags=0
)
拷贝 count 字节从文件描述符 in 到文件描述符 out 起始于 offset . Return the number of bytes sent. When EOF is reached return 0.
第一函数表示法所有平台都支持,若平台有定义
sendfile()
.
在 Linux,若
offset
被给定为
None
, the bytes are read from the current position of
in
and the position of
in
is updated.
The second case may be used on Mac OS X and FreeBSD where headers and trailers are arbitrary sequences of buffers that are written before and after the data from in is written. It returns the same as the first case.
On Mac OS X and FreeBSD, a value of 0 for count specifies to send until the end of in is reached.
所有平台支持套接字作为 out 文件描述符,且某些平台还允许其它类型 (如:常规文件、管道)。
跨平台应用程序不应使用 headers , trailers and flags 自变量。
可用性 :Unix。
注意
对于高级包裹器
sendfile()
,见
socket.socket.sendfile()
.
3.3 版新增。
os.
set_blocking
(
fd
,
blocking
)
¶
设置指定文件描述符的阻塞模式。设置
O_NONBLOCK
标志若阻塞为
False
,否则清零标志。
另请参阅
get_blocking()
and
socket.socket.setblocking()
.
可用性 :Unix。
3.5 版新增。
os.
SF_NODISKIO
¶
os.
SF_MNOWAIT
¶
os.
SF_SYNC
¶
参数用于
sendfile()
函数,若实现支持它们。
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增。
os.
readv
(
fd
,
buffers
)
¶
Read from a file descriptor fd into a number of mutable 像字节对象 buffers . Transfer data into each buffer until it is full and then move on to the next buffer in the sequence to hold the rest of the data.
Return the total number of bytes actually read which can be less than the total capacity of all the objects.
The operating system may set a limit (
sysconf()
值
'SC_IOV_MAX'
) on the number of buffers that can be used.
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增。
os.
tcgetpgrp
(
fd
)
¶
Return the process group associated with the terminal given by
fd
(an open file descriptor as returned by
os.open()
).
可用性 :Unix。
os.
tcsetpgrp
(
fd
,
pg
)
¶
Set the process group associated with the terminal given by
fd
(an open file descriptor as returned by
os.open()
) 到
pg
.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
ttyname
(
fd
)
¶
Return a string which specifies the terminal device associated with file descriptor fd 。若 fd is not associated with a terminal device, an exception is raised.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
write
(
fd
,
str
)
¶
写入字节字符串按 str 到文件描述符 fd .
返回实际写入的字节数。
注意
此函数旨在低级 I/O 且必须应用于文件描述符如返回通过
os.open()
or
pipe()
. To write a “file object” returned by the built-in function
open()
或通过
popen()
or
fdopen()
,或
sys.stdout
or
sys.stderr
,使用其
write()
方法。
3.5 版改变:
若系统调用被中断且信号处理程序未引发异常,函数现在会重试系统调用而不是引发
InterruptedError
异常 (见
PEP 475
了解基本原理)。
os.
writev
(
fd
,
buffers
)
¶
Write the contents of buffers 到文件描述符 fd . buffers must be a sequence of 像字节对象 . Buffers are processed in array order. Entire contents of the first buffer is written before proceeding to the second, and so on.
Returns the total number of bytes actually written.
The operating system may set a limit (
sysconf()
值
'SC_IOV_MAX'
) on the number of buffers that can be used.
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增。
3.3 版新增。
os.
get_terminal_size
(
fd=STDOUT_FILENO
)
¶
Return the size of the terminal window as
(columns, lines)
, tuple of type
terminal_size
.
可选自变量
fd
(默认
STDOUT_FILENO
, or standard output) specifies which file descriptor should be queried.
If the file descriptor is not connected to a terminal, an
OSError
被引发。
shutil.get_terminal_size()
is the high-level function which should normally be used,
os.get_terminal_size
is the low-level implementation.
可用性 :Unix、Windows。
os.
terminal_size
¶
A subclass of tuple, holding
(columns, lines)
of the terminal window size.
columns
¶
终端窗口的宽度 (以字符为单位)。
lines
¶
终端窗口的高度 (以字符为单位)。
3.4 版新增。
A file descriptor has an “inheritable” flag which indicates if the file descriptor can be inherited by child processes. Since Python 3.4, file descriptors created by Python are non-inheritable by default.
On UNIX, non-inheritable file descriptors are closed in child processes at the execution of a new program, other file descriptors are inherited.
On Windows, non-inheritable handles and file descriptors are closed in child processes, except for standard streams (file descriptors 0, 1 and 2: stdin, stdout and stderr), which are always inherited. Using
spawn*
functions, all inheritable handles and all inheritable file descriptors are inherited. Using the
subprocess
module, all file descriptors except standard streams are closed, and inheritable handles are only inherited if the
close_fds
参数为
False
.
os.
get_inheritable
(
fd
)
¶
Get the “inheritable” flag of the specified file descriptor (a boolean).
os.
set_inheritable
(
fd
,
inheritable
)
¶
Set the “inheritable” flag of the specified file descriptor.
os.
get_handle_inheritable
(
handle
)
¶
Get the “inheritable” flag of the specified handle (a boolean).
可用性 :Windows。
os.
set_handle_inheritable
(
handle
,
inheritable
)
¶
Set the “inheritable” flag of the specified handle.
可用性 :Windows。
在某些 Unix 平台,这些函数中的很多均支持一个或多个这些特征:
指定文件描述符:
Normally the
path
argument provided to functions in the
os
module must be a string specifying a file path. However, some functions now alternatively accept an open file descriptor for their
path
argument. The function will then operate on the file referred to by the descriptor. (For POSIX systems, Python will call the variant of the function prefixed with
f
(e.g. call
fchdir
而不是
chdir
).)
You can check whether or not
path
can be specified as a file descriptor for a particular function on your platform using
os.supports_fd
. If this functionality is unavailable, using it will raise a
NotImplementedError
.
If the function also supports dir_fd or follow_symlinks arguments, it’s an error to specify one of those when supplying path as a file descriptor.
paths relative to directory descriptors:
若
dir_fd
不是
None
, it should be a file descriptor referring to a directory, and the path to operate on should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory. If the path is absolute,
dir_fd
is ignored. (For POSIX systems, Python will call the variant of the function with an
at
suffix and possibly prefixed with
f
(e.g. call
faccessat
而不是
access
).
You can check whether or not
dir_fd
is supported for a particular function on your platform using
os.supports_dir_fd
. If it’s unavailable, using it will raise a
NotImplementedError
.
不遵循符号链接:
若
follow_symlinks
is
False
, and the last element of the path to operate on is a symbolic link, the function will operate on the symbolic link itself rather than the file pointed to by the link. (For POSIX systems, Python will call the
l...
variant of the function.)
You can check whether or not
follow_symlinks
is supported for a particular function on your platform using
os.supports_follow_symlinks
. If it’s unavailable, using it will raise a
NotImplementedError
.
os.
access
(
path
,
mode
,
*
,
dir_fd=None
,
effective_ids=False
,
follow_symlinks=True
)
¶
Use the real uid/gid to test for access to
path
. Note that most operations will use the effective uid/gid, therefore this routine can be used in a suid/sgid environment to test if the invoking user has the specified access to
path
.
mode
应该为
F_OK
to test the existence of
path
, or it can be the inclusive OR of one or more of
R_OK
,
W_OK
,和
X_OK
to test permissions. Return
True
if access is allowed,
False
if not. See the Unix man page
access(2)
了解更多信息。
此函数可以支持指定 相对于目录描述符的路径 and 不遵循符号链接 .
若
effective_ids
is
True
,
access()
will perform its access checks using the effective uid/gid instead of the real uid/gid.
effective_ids
may not be supported on your platform; you can check whether or not it is available using
os.supports_effective_ids
. If it is unavailable, using it will raise a
NotImplementedError
.
注意
使用
access()
to check if a user is authorized to e.g. open a file before actually doing so using
open()
creates a security hole, because the user might exploit the short time interval between checking and opening the file to manipulate it. It’s preferable to use
EAFP
techniques. For example:
if os.access("myfile", os.R_OK): with open("myfile") as fp: return fp.read() return "some default data"
is better written as:
try: fp = open("myfile") except PermissionError: return "some default data" else: with fp: return fp.read()
注意
I/O operations may fail even when
access()
indicates that they would succeed, particularly for operations on network filesystems which may have permissions semantics beyond the usual POSIX permission-bit model.
3.3 版改变: 添加 dir_fd , effective_ids ,和 follow_symlinks 参数。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
F_OK
¶
os.
R_OK
¶
os.
W_OK
¶
os.
X_OK
¶
值要传递作为
mode
参数对于
access()
to test the existence, readability, writability and executability of
path
,分别。
os.
chdir
(
path
)
¶
将当前工作目录更改成 path .
此函数可以支持 指定文件描述符 。描述符必须引用打开目录,而不是打开文件。
此函数可以引发
OSError
和子类譬如
FileNotFoundError
,
PermissionError
,和
NotADirectoryError
.
引发
审计事件
os.chdir
采用自变量
path
.
3.3 版新增: 添加支持指定 path 作为文件描述符在某些平台。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
chflags
(
path
,
flags
,
*
,
follow_symlinks=True
)
¶
设置标志为
path
到数值
flags
.
flags
may take a combination (bitwise OR) of the following values (as defined in the
stat
模块):
此函数可以支持 不遵循符号链接 .
引发
审计事件
os.chflags
采用自变量
path
,
flags
.
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增: The follow_symlinks 自变量。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
chmod
(
path
,
mode
,
*
,
dir_fd=None
,
follow_symlinks=True
)
¶
改变模式为
path
到数值
mode
.
mode
may take one of the following values (as defined in the
stat
module) or bitwise ORed combinations of them:
此函数可以支持 指定文件描述符 , 相对于目录描述符的路径 and 不遵循符号链接 .
注意
尽管 Windows 支持
chmod()
, you can only set the file’s read-only flag with it (via the
stat.S_IWRITE
and
stat.S_IREAD
constants or a corresponding integer value). All other bits are ignored.
引发
审计事件
os.chmod
采用自变量
path
,
mode
,
dir_fd
.
3.3 版新增: 添加支持指定 path 按打开文件描述符,和 dir_fd and follow_symlinks 自变量。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
chown
(
path
,
uid
,
gid
,
*
,
dir_fd=None
,
follow_symlinks=True
)
¶
更改所有者和组 ID 为 path 到数值 uid and gid 。要使某一 ID 留下不变,将它设为 -1。
此函数可以支持 指定文件描述符 , 相对于目录描述符的路径 and 不遵循符号链接 .
见
shutil.chown()
for a higher-level function that accepts names in addition to numeric ids.
引发
审计事件
os.chown
采用自变量
path
,
uid
,
gid
,
dir_fd
.
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增: 添加支持指定 path 按打开文件描述符,和 dir_fd and follow_symlinks 自变量。
3.6 版改变: 支持 像路径对象 .
os.
chroot
(
path
)
¶
Change the root directory of the current process to path .
可用性 :Unix。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
fchdir
(
fd
)
¶
Change the current working directory to the directory represented by the file descriptor
fd
. The descriptor must refer to an opened directory, not an open file. As of Python 3.3, this is equivalent to
os.chdir(fd)
.
引发
审计事件
os.chdir
采用自变量
path
.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
getcwd
(
)
¶
返回当前工作目录的字符串表示。
os.
getcwdb
(
)
¶
Return a bytestring representing the current working directory.
3.8 版改变: The function now uses the UTF-8 encoding on Windows, rather than the ANSI code page: see PEP 529 for the rationale. The function is no longer deprecated on Windows.
os.
lchflags
(
path
,
flags
)
¶
设置标志为
path
到数值
flags
,像
chflags()
, but do not follow symbolic links. As of Python 3.3, this is equivalent to
os.chflags(path, flags, follow_symlinks=False)
.
引发
审计事件
os.chflags
采用自变量
path
,
flags
.
可用性 :Unix。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
lchmod
(
path
,
mode
)
¶
改变模式为
path
到数值
mode
. If path is a symlink, this affects the symlink rather than the target. See the docs for
chmod()
了解可能值对于
mode
。从 Python 3.3 起,这相当于
os.chmod(path, mode, follow_symlinks=False)
.
引发
审计事件
os.chmod
采用自变量
path
,
mode
,
dir_fd
.
可用性 :Unix。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
lchown
(
path
,
uid
,
gid
)
¶
更改所有者和组 ID 为
path
到数值
uid
and
gid
. This function will not follow symbolic links. As of Python 3.3, this is equivalent to
os.chown(path, uid, gid, follow_symlinks=False)
.
引发
审计事件
os.chown
采用自变量
path
,
uid
,
gid
,
dir_fd
.
可用性 :Unix。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
link
(
src
,
dst
,
*
,
src_dir_fd=None
,
dst_dir_fd=None
,
follow_symlinks=True
)
¶
创建的硬链接指向 src 命名 dst .
此函数可以支持指定 src_dir_fd and/or dst_dir_fd 以提供 相对于目录描述符的路径 ,和 不遵循符号链接 .
引发
审计事件
os.link
采用自变量
src
,
dst
,
src_dir_fd
,
dst_dir_fd
.
可用性 :Unix、Windows。
3.2 版改变: 添加 Windows 支持。
3.3 版新增: 添加 src_dir_fd , dst_dir_fd ,和 follow_symlinks 自变量。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 for src and dst .
os.
listdir
(
path='.'
)
¶
返回包含条目名称的列表,在给定目录
path
。列表采用任意次序,且不包括特殊条目
'.'
and
'..'
即使它们存在于目录中。若在此函数调用期间从目录移除文件 (或将文件添加目录),则是否包括该文件的名称未指定。
path
可以是
像路径对象
。若
path
是类型
bytes
(直接或间接透过
PathLike
接口),返回文件名也会是类型
bytes
;在所有其它情况下,它们会是类型
str
.
此函数还可以支持 指定文件描述符 ;文件描述符必须引用目录。
引发
审计事件
os.listdir
采用自变量
path
.
注意
要编码
str
文件名成
bytes
,使用
fsencode()
.
另请参阅
The
scandir()
函数返回目录条目及文件属性信息,为许多常见使用情况提供更优性能。
3.2 版改变: The path 参数变为可选。
3.3 版新增: 添加支持指定 path 作为打开文件描述符。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
lstat
(
path
,
*
,
dir_fd=None
)
¶
履行等效
lstat()
系统调用按给定路径。类似
stat()
,但不遵循符号链接。返回
stat_result
对象。
在不支持符号链接的平台,这是别名化的
stat()
.
从 Python 3.3 起,这相当于
os.stat(path, dir_fd=dir_fd,
follow_symlinks=False)
.
此函数还可以支持 相对于目录描述符的路径 .
另请参阅
The
stat()
函数。
3.2 版改变: 添加支持 Windows 6.0 (Vista) 符号链接。
3.3 版改变: 添加 dir_fd 参数。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
3.8 版改变:
在 Windows,现在打开表示另一路径 (名称替代) 的重剖析点,包括符号链接和目录结。其它种类的重剖析点由操作系统解析,如对于
stat()
.
os.
mkdir
(
path
,
mode=0o777
,
*
,
dir_fd=None
)
¶
创建目录命名 path 采用数值模式 mode .
若目录已存在,
FileExistsError
被引发。
在某些系统,
mode
被忽略。若使用它,会先屏蔽掉当前 umask 值。若除了后 9 位 (即:以八进制表示后 3 位对于
mode
) 被设置,它们的含义从属平台。在某些平台,会忽略它们且应调用
chmod()
以明确设置它们。
此函数还可以支持 相对于目录描述符的路径 .
创建临时目录也是可能的;见
tempfile
模块的
tempfile.mkdtemp()
函数。
引发
审计事件
os.mkdir
采用自变量
path
,
mode
,
dir_fd
.
3.3 版新增: The dir_fd 自变量。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
makedirs
(
name
,
mode=0o777
,
exist_ok=False
)
¶
递归目录创建函数。像
mkdir()
,但生成需要包含叶目录的所有中间级目录。
The
mode
参数会被传递给
mkdir()
用于创建叶目录;见
mkdir() 描述
for how it is interpreted. To set the file permission bits of any newly-created parent directories you can set the umask before invoking
makedirs()
。现有父级目录的文件权限位不改变。
若
exist_ok
is
False
(默认),
FileExistsError
被引发若目标目录已存在。
注意
makedirs()
会变得困惑若要创建的路径元素包含
pardir
(如 .. 在 Unix 系统)。
此函数正确处理 UNC 路径。
引发
审计事件
os.mkdir
采用自变量
path
,
mode
,
dir_fd
.
3.2 版新增: The exist_ok 参数。
3.4.1 版改变:
在 Python 3.4.1 之前,若
exist_ok
was
True
且目录存在,
makedirs()
仍将引发错误若
mode
不匹配现有目录模式。由于这种行为不可能安全实现,因此 Python 3.4.1 已将它移除。见
bpo-21082
.
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
3.7 版改变: The mode argument no longer affects the file permission bits of newly-created intermediate-level directories.
os.
mkfifo
(
path
,
mode=0o666
,
*
,
dir_fd=None
)
¶
创建 FIFO (命名管道) 命名 path 采用数值模式 mode 。首先从 mode 屏蔽掉当前 umask 值。
此函数还可以支持 相对于目录描述符的路径 .
FIFOs are pipes that can be accessed like regular files. FIFOs exist until they are deleted (for example with
os.unlink()
). Generally, FIFOs are used as rendezvous between “client” and “server” type processes: the server opens the FIFO for reading, and the client opens it for writing. Note that
mkfifo()
doesn’t open the FIFO — it just creates the rendezvous point.
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增: The dir_fd 自变量。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
mknod
(
path
,
mode=0o600
,
device=0
,
*
,
dir_fd=None
)
¶
Create a filesystem node (file, device special file or named pipe) named
path
.
mode
specifies both the permissions to use and the type of node to be created, being combined (bitwise OR) with one of
stat.S_IFREG
,
stat.S_IFCHR
,
stat.S_IFBLK
,和
stat.S_IFIFO
(those constants are available in
stat
). For
stat.S_IFCHR
and
stat.S_IFBLK
,
device
defines the newly created device special file (probably using
os.makedev()
),否则被忽略。
此函数还可以支持 相对于目录描述符的路径 .
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增: The dir_fd 自变量。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
major
(
device
)
¶
Extract the device major number from a raw device number (usually the
st_dev
or
st_rdev
字段来自
stat
).
os.
minor
(
device
)
¶
Extract the device minor number from a raw device number (usually the
st_dev
or
st_rdev
字段来自
stat
).
os.
makedev
(
major
,
minor
)
¶
Compose a raw device number from the major and minor device numbers.
os.
pathconf
(
path
,
name
)
¶
Return system configuration information relevant to a named file.
name
specifies the configuration value to retrieve; it may be a string which is the name of a defined system value; these names are specified in a number of standards (POSIX.1, Unix 95, Unix 98, and others). Some platforms define additional names as well. The names known to the host operating system are given in the
pathconf_names
dictionary. For configuration variables not included in that mapping, passing an integer for
name
is also accepted.
若
name
是字符串且未知,
ValueError
被引发。若特定值对于
name
主机系统不支持,即使包括在
pathconf_names
,
OSError
被引发采用
errno.EINVAL
对于错误编号。
此函数可以支持 指定文件描述符 .
可用性 :Unix。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
pathconf_names
¶
字典映射的名称接受通过
pathconf()
and
fpathconf()
to the integer values defined for those names by the host operating system. This can be used to determine the set of names known to the system.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
readlink
(
path
,
*
,
dir_fd=None
)
¶
返回符号链接指向路径的表示字符串。结果可能是绝对 (或相对) 路径名;若是相对的,可以将它转换成绝对路径名使用
os.path.join(os.path.dirname(path), result)
.
若
path
is a string object (directly or indirectly through a
PathLike
interface), the result will also be a string object, and the call may raise a UnicodeDecodeError. If the
path
is a bytes object (direct or indirectly), the result will be a bytes object.
此函数还可以支持 相对于目录描述符的路径 .
当试着解析可能包含链接的路径时,使用
realpath()
以正确处理递归和平台差异。
可用性 :Unix、Windows。
3.2 版改变: 添加支持 Windows 6.0 (Vista) 符号链接。
3.3 版新增: The dir_fd 自变量。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 在 Unix。
3.8 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 和 bytes 对象在 Windows。
3.8 版改变:
Added support for directory junctions, and changed to return the substitution path (which typically includes
\\?\
prefix) rather than the optional “print name” field that was previously returned.
os.
remove
(
path
,
*
,
dir_fd=None
)
¶
移除 (删除) 文件
path
。若
path
是目录,
IsADirectoryError
被引发。使用
rmdir()
能移除目录。若文件不存在,
FileNotFoundError
被引发。
此函数可以支持 相对于目录描述符的路径 .
在 Windows,试图移除使用中的文件会导致引发异常;在 Unix,目录条目被移除,但分配给文件的存储不可用,直到原始文件不再在使用中为止。
此函数在语义上等同于
unlink()
.
引发
审计事件
os.remove
采用自变量
path
,
dir_fd
.
3.3 版新增: The dir_fd 自变量。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
removedirs
(
name
)
¶
递归移除目录。工作像
rmdir()
除若成功移除叶目录外,
removedirs()
会试着依次移除提及的每个父级目录在
path
直到引发错误 (被忽略,因为通常意味着父级目录非空)。例如,
os.removedirs('foo/bar/baz')
会先移除目录
'foo/bar/baz'
,然后移除
'foo/bar'
and
'foo'
若它们为空。引发
OSError
若无法成功移除叶目录。
引发
审计事件
os.remove
采用自变量
path
,
dir_fd
.
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
rename
(
src
,
dst
,
*
,
src_dir_fd=None
,
dst_dir_fd=None
)
¶
重命名文件或目录
src
to
dst
。若
dst
存在,操作将失败按
OSError
子类在很多情况下:
在 Windows,若
dst
存在
FileExistsError
始终被引发。
在 Unix,若
src
是文件和
dst
是目录或反之亦然,
IsADirectoryError
或
NotADirectoryError
会被分别引发。若两者是目录且
dst
为空,
dst
将被默默替换。若
dst
是非空目录,
OSError
被引发。若两者是文件,
dst
会被默默替换若用户拥有权限。操作可能失败在某些风味的 Unix 若
src
and
dst
在不同文件系统。若成功,重命名将是原子操作 (这是 POSIX 要求的)。
此函数可以支持指定 src_dir_fd and/or dst_dir_fd 以提供 相对于目录描述符的路径 .
若想要跨平台覆写目的地,使用
replace()
.
引发
审计事件
os.rename
采用自变量
src
,
dst
,
src_dir_fd
,
dst_dir_fd
.
3.3 版新增: The src_dir_fd and dst_dir_fd 自变量。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 for src and dst .
os.
renames
(
old
,
new
)
¶
目录 (或文件) 递归重命名函数。工作像
rename()
,除首先会试图创建使新路径名工作良好所需的任何中间体目录外。重命名后,会修剪掉旧名称最右路径段的对应目录使用
removedirs()
.
注意
此函数创建新目录结构时可能失败,若缺乏移除叶目录 (或文件) 所需的权限。
引发
审计事件
os.rename
采用自变量
src
,
dst
,
src_dir_fd
,
dst_dir_fd
.
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 for old and new .
os.
replace
(
src
,
dst
,
*
,
src_dir_fd=None
,
dst_dir_fd=None
)
¶
重命名文件或目录
src
to
dst
。若
dst
is a directory,
OSError
会被引发。若
dst
存在且是文件,会默默替换它若用户拥有权限。操作可能失败若
src
and
dst
在不同文件系统。若成功,重命名将是原子操作 (这是 POSIX 要求的)。
此函数可以支持指定 src_dir_fd and/or dst_dir_fd 以提供 相对于目录描述符的路径 .
引发
审计事件
os.rename
采用自变量
src
,
dst
,
src_dir_fd
,
dst_dir_fd
.
3.3 版新增。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 for src and dst .
os.
rmdir
(
path
,
*
,
dir_fd=None
)
¶
移除 (删除) 目录
path
. If the directory does not exist or is not empty, an
FileNotFoundError
或
OSError
被分别引发。为移除整个目录树,
shutil.rmtree()
可以使用。
此函数可以支持 相对于目录描述符的路径 .
引发
审计事件
os.rmdir
采用自变量
path
,
dir_fd
.
3.3 版新增: The dir_fd 参数。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
scandir
(
path='.'
)
¶
返回迭代器为
os.DirEntry
对象,对应目录中的条目给出通过
path
。产生条目的次序是任意的,且特殊条目
'.'
and
'..'
未包括在内。若创建迭代器之后从目录移除文件或将文件添加到目录,未指定是否包括该文件条目。
使用
scandir()
而不是
listdir()
可以显著提高还需要文件类型 (或文件属性) 信息的代码性能,因为
os.DirEntry
对象曝光此信息若操作系统在扫描目录时提供。所有
os.DirEntry
方法可以履行系统调用,但
is_dir()
and
is_file()
通常只要求系统调用符号链接;
os.DirEntry.stat()
在 Unix 始终要求系统调用,但在 Windows 只要求一符号链接。
path
可以是
像路径对象
。若
path
是类型
bytes
(直接或间接透过
PathLike
接口),类型的
name
and
path
属性在各
os.DirEntry
将是
bytes
;在所有其它情况下,它们会是类型
str
.
此函数还可以支持 指定文件描述符 ;文件描述符必须引用目录。
引发
审计事件
os.scandir
采用自变量
path
.
scandir.
close
(
)
¶
关闭迭代器并释放获得的资源。
会自动调用这当迭代器被耗尽或被垃圾收集时,或在迭代期间发生错误时。不管怎样,建议明确调用它或使用
with
语句。
3.6 版新增。
以下范例展示简单使用
scandir()
来显示所有文件 (不包括目录) 以给定
path
开头不采用
'.'
。
entry.is_file()
调用通常不做额外系统调用:
with os.scandir(path) as it: for entry in it: if not entry.name.startswith('.') and entry.is_file(): print(entry.name)
注意
在基于 Unix 的系统,
scandir()
使用系统的
opendir()
and
readdir()
函数。在 Windows,它使用 Win32
FindFirstFileW
and
FindNextFileW
函数。
3.5 版新增。
3.6 版新增:
添加支持
上下文管理器
协议和
close()
方法。若
scandir()
迭代器既未耗尽,也未明确关闭
ResourceWarning
将在其析构函数中被发射。
函数接受 像路径对象 .
3.7 版改变: 添加支持 file descriptors 在 Unix。
os.
DirEntry
¶
对象的产生通过
scandir()
来暴露目录条目的文件路径及其它文件属性。
scandir()
将尽可能多的提供这种信息,无需做出额外系统调用。当
stat()
or
lstat()
系统调用做出时,
os.DirEntry
对象会缓存结果。
os.DirEntry
实例不打算存储长期存活数据结构;若知道文件元数据已改变,或已消耗很长时间从调用
scandir()
,调用
os.stat(entry.path)
以抓取最新信息。
由于
os.DirEntry
方法可以做操作系统调用,它们还可能引发
OSError
。若需要很细粒度的错误控制,可以捕获
OSError
当调用某一
os.DirEntry
方法和适当处理时。
可直接用作
像路径对象
,
os.DirEntry
实现
PathLike
接口。
属性和方法在
os.DirEntry
实例如下:
名称
¶
条目的基本文件名,相对于
scandir()
path
自变量。
The
name
属性将是
bytes
若
scandir()
path
自变量是类型
bytes
and
str
否则。使用
fsdecode()
以解码字节文件名。
path
¶
条目的完整路径名:相当于
os.path.join(scandir_path,
entry.name)
where
scandir_path
是
scandir()
path
自变量。路径才是绝对的若
scandir()
path
自变量是绝对路径。若
scandir()
path
自变量是
文件描述符
,
path
属性如同
name
属性。
The
path
属性将是
bytes
若
scandir()
path
自变量是类型
bytes
and
str
否则。使用
fsdecode()
以解码字节文件名。
inode
(
)
¶
返回条目的 Inode 编号。
结果被缓存在
os.DirEntry
对象。使用
os.stat(entry.path, follow_symlinks=False).st_ino
以抓取最新信息。
当首次不缓存调用,在 Windows 要求系统调用,但在 Unix 不要求。
is_dir
(
*
,
follow_symlinks=True
)
¶
返回
True
若此条目是目录 (或指向目录的符号链接);返回
False
若条目是 (或是) 指向任何其它种类的文件,或者若它不再存在。
若
follow_symlinks
is
False
,返回
True
only if this entry is a directory (without following symlinks); return
False
if the entry is any other kind of file or if it doesn’t exist anymore.
结果被缓存在
os.DirEntry
对象,提供单独缓存为
follow_symlinks
True
and
False
。调用
os.stat()
along with
stat.S_ISDIR()
以抓取最新信息。
On the first, uncached call, no system call is required in most cases. Specifically, for non-symlinks, neither Windows or Unix require a system call, except on certain Unix file systems, such as network file systems, that return
dirent.d_type == DT_UNKNOWN
. If the entry is a symlink, a system call will be required to follow the symlink unless
follow_symlinks
is
False
.
此方法可以引发
OSError
,譬如
PermissionError
,但
FileNotFoundError
会被捕获但不引发。
is_file
(
*
,
follow_symlinks=True
)
¶
返回
True
if this entry is a file or a symbolic link pointing to a file; return
False
if the entry is or points to a directory or other non-file entry, or if it doesn’t exist anymore.
若
follow_symlinks
is
False
,返回
True
only if this entry is a file (without following symlinks); return
False
if the entry is a directory or other non-file entry, or if it doesn’t exist anymore.
结果被缓存在
os.DirEntry
object. Caching, system calls made, and exceptions raised are as per
is_dir()
.
is_symlink
(
)
¶
返回
True
若此条目是符号链接 (即使中断);返回
False
if the entry points to a directory or any kind of file, or if it doesn’t exist anymore.
结果被缓存在
os.DirEntry
对象。调用
os.path.islink()
以抓取最新信息。
On the first, uncached call, no system call is required in most cases. Specifically, neither Windows or Unix require a system call, except on certain Unix file systems, such as network file systems, that return
dirent.d_type == DT_UNKNOWN
.
此方法可以引发
OSError
,譬如
PermissionError
,但
FileNotFoundError
会被捕获但不引发。
stat
(
*
,
follow_symlinks=True
)
¶
返回
stat_result
对象为此条目。此方法遵循符号链接,默认情况下;要统计符号链接,添加
follow_symlinks=False
自变量。
在 Unix,此方法始终要求系统调用。在 Windows,它才要求系统调用若
follow_symlinks
is
True
且条目是重剖析点 (例如:符号链接或目录结点)。
在 Windows,
st_ino
,
st_dev
and
st_nlink
属性对于
stat_result
始终被设为 0。调用
os.stat()
以获取这些属性。
结果被缓存在
os.DirEntry
对象,提供单独缓存为
follow_symlinks
True
and
False
。调用
os.stat()
以抓取最新信息。
注意,存在很好的对应在几个属性和方法方面对于
os.DirEntry
和对于
pathlib.Path
。尤其,
name
属性拥有相同含义,如
is_dir()
,
is_file()
,
is_symlink()
and
stat()
方法。
3.5 版新增。
os.
stat
(
path
,
*
,
dir_fd=None
,
follow_symlinks=True
)
¶
获取文件或文件描述符的状态。履行等效
stat()
系统调用按给定路径。
path
可以指定作为字符串或 bytes – 直接或间接透过
PathLike
接口 – 或作为打开文件描述符。返回
stat_result
对象。
此函数通常遵循符号链接。要统计符号链接,添加自变量
follow_symlinks=False
,或使用
lstat()
.
在 Windows,传递
follow_symlinks=False
将禁用遵循所有名称代理的重剖析点,包括符号链接和目录结。不像链接 (或操作系统无法追踪) 的其它类型的重解析点,会被直接打开。当遵循多个链接的链时,这可能导致返回原始链接,而不是阻止完整遍历的非链接。在这种情况下,要获取最终路径的 stat (统计) 结果,使用
os.path.realpath()
函数以尽可能解析路径名和调用
lstat()
在结果。这不适用于悬空符号链接或结合点,通常会引发异常。
范例:
>>> import os >>> statinfo = os.stat('somefile.txt') >>> statinfo os.stat_result(st_mode=33188, st_ino=7876932, st_dev=234881026, st_nlink=1, st_uid=501, st_gid=501, st_size=264, st_atime=1297230295, st_mtime=1297230027, st_ctime=1297230027) >>> statinfo.st_size 264
另请参阅
3.3 版新增: 添加 dir_fd and follow_symlinks 自变量,指定文件描述符而不是路径。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
3.8 版改变:
在 Windows,所有可以被操作系统解析的重剖析点现在都被遵循,且传递
follow_symlinks=False
将禁用遵循所有名称代理重剖析点。若操作系统到达无法遵循的重剖析点,
stat
现在返回原始路径信息,就像
follow_symlinks=False
有指定,而不是引发错误。
os.
stat_result
¶
属性大致相当于成员的对象对于
stat
结构。用于结果在
os.stat()
,
os.fstat()
and
os.lstat()
.
属性:
st_mode
¶
文件模式:文件类型和文件模式 (权限) 位。
st_dev
¶
此文件所在设备的标识符。
st_nlink
¶
硬链接数。
st_uid
¶
文件所有者的用户标识符。
st_gid
¶
文件所有者的组标识符。
st_size
¶
文件大小 (以字节为单位),若是常规文件或符号链接。符号链接大小是它所包含的路径名长度,不包含终止 null 字节。
时间戳:
st_atime
¶
最近访问时间 (以秒为单位表达)。
st_mtime
¶
最近内容修改时间 (以秒为单位表达)。
st_ctime
¶
从属平台:
在 Unix 是最近元数据更改时间,
在 Windows 是创建时间 (以秒为单位表达)。
st_atime_ns
¶
以整数形式表达的最近访问时间,以纳秒为单位。
st_mtime_ns
¶
整数以纳秒为单位表达的最近修改内容的时间。
st_ctime_ns
¶
从属平台:
在 Unix 是最近元数据更改时间,
整数以纳秒为单位表达的 Windows 创建时间。
注意
准确含义和分辨率对于
st_atime
,
st_mtime
,和
st_ctime
属性从属操作系统和文件系统。例如,Windows 系统使用 FAT (或 FAT32) 文件系统,
st_mtime
拥有 2 秒分辨率,和
st_atime
只有 1 天的分辨率。见操作系统文档编制了解细节。
同样,尽管
st_atime_ns
,
st_mtime_ns
,和
st_ctime_ns
始终以纳秒为单位表达,但很多系统不提供纳秒精度。在提供纳秒精度的系统,使用浮点对象存储
st_atime
,
st_mtime
,和
st_ctime
无法保留它的所有,因此有点不准确。若需要准确时间戳,应始终使用
st_atime_ns
,
st_mtime_ns
,和
st_ctime_ns
.
在某些 Unix 系统 (譬如 Linux),下列属性也可能可用:
st_blksize
¶
用于高效文件系统 I/O 的 "首选" 块大小。以较小分块方式写入文件,可能导致低效读取-修改-重写。
st_rdev
¶
设备类型若是 Inode 设备。
st_flags
¶
用户为文件定义的标志。
在其它 Unix 系统 (譬如 FreeBSD),下列属性可能可用 (但可能才填写当 root 试着使用它们时):
st_gen
¶
文件生成编号。
st_birthtime
¶
文件创建的时间。
在 Solaris 及其衍生,下列属性也可能可用:
st_fstype
¶
包含文件的文件系统类型的唯一标识字符串。
在 Mac OS 系统,下列属性也可能可用:
st_rsize
¶
文件的实际大小。
st_creator
¶
文件的创建者。
st_type
¶
文件类型。
在 Windows 系统,下列属性也可用:
st_file_attributes
¶
Windows 文件属性:
dwFileAttributes
成员对于
BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION
结构返回通过
GetFileInformationByHandle()
。见
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_*
常量在
stat
模块。
st_reparse_tag
¶
当
st_file_attributes
拥有
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT
设置,此字段包含标识重剖析点类型的标记。见
IO_REPARSE_TAG_*
常量在
stat
模块。
标准模块
stat
定义的函数和常量很有用为提取信息从
stat
结构 (在 Windows,某些项以虚设值填充)。
为向后兼容,
stat_result
实例也可以按至少 10 整数元组形式访问,给出最重要 (且可移植) 成员对于
stat
结构,按次序
st_mode
,
st_ino
,
st_dev
,
st_nlink
,
st_uid
,
st_gid
,
st_size
,
st_atime
,
st_mtime
,
st_ctime
。某些实现可能在结尾添加更多项。为兼容旧版 Python,访问
stat_result
以元组形式始终返回整数。
3.3 版新增:
添加
st_atime_ns
,
st_mtime_ns
,和
st_ctime_ns
成员。
3.5 版新增:
添加
st_file_attributes
成员在 Windows。
3.5 版改变:
Windows 现在将文件索引返回作为
st_ino
当可用时。
3.7 版新增:
添加
st_fstype
成员到 Solaris/衍生。
3.8 版新增:
添加
st_reparse_tag
成员在 Windows。
3.8 版改变:
在 Windows,
st_mode
成员现在将特殊文件标识为
S_IFCHR
,
S_IFIFO
or
S_IFBLK
酌情。
os.
statvfs
(
path
)
¶
履行
statvfs()
system call on the given path. The return value is an object whose attributes describe the filesystem on the given path, and correspond to the members of the
statvfs
structure, namely:
f_bsize
,
f_frsize
,
f_blocks
,
f_bfree
,
f_bavail
,
f_files
,
f_ffree
,
f_favail
,
f_flag
,
f_namemax
,
f_fsid
.
Two module-level constants are defined for the
f_flag
attribute’s bit-flags: if
ST_RDONLY
is set, the filesystem is mounted read-only, and if
ST_NOSUID
is set, the semantics of setuid/setgid bits are disabled or not supported.
Additional module-level constants are defined for GNU/glibc based systems. These are
ST_NODEV
(disallow access to device special files),
ST_NOEXEC
(禁止程序执行),
ST_SYNCHRONOUS
(writes are synced at once),
ST_MANDLOCK
(allow mandatory locks on an FS),
ST_WRITE
(write on file/directory/symlink),
ST_APPEND
(仅追加文件),
ST_IMMUTABLE
(不可变文件),
ST_NOATIME
(不更新访问时间),
ST_NODIRATIME
(不更新目录访问时间),
ST_RELATIME
(相对 mtime/ctime 更新 atime)。
此函数可以支持 指定文件描述符 .
可用性 :Unix。
3.2 版改变:
The
ST_RDONLY
and
ST_NOSUID
常量被添加。
3.3 版新增: 添加支持指定 path 作为打开文件描述符。
3.4 版改变:
The
ST_NODEV
,
ST_NOEXEC
,
ST_SYNCHRONOUS
,
ST_MANDLOCK
,
ST_WRITE
,
ST_APPEND
,
ST_IMMUTABLE
,
ST_NOATIME
,
ST_NODIRATIME
,和
ST_RELATIME
常量被添加。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
3.7 版新增:
添加
f_fsid
.
os.
supports_dir_fd
¶
A
set
object indicating which functions in the
os
module accept an open file descriptor for their
dir_fd
parameter. Different platforms provide different features, and the underlying functionality Python uses to implement the
dir_fd
parameter is not available on all platforms Python supports. For consistency’s sake, functions that may support
dir_fd
always allow specifying the parameter, but will throw an exception if the functionality is used when it’s not locally available. (Specifying
None
for
dir_fd
is always supported on all platforms.)
To check whether a particular function accepts an open file descriptor for its
dir_fd
parameter, use the
in
operator on
supports_dir_fd
. As an example, this expression evaluates to
True
if
os.stat()
accepts open file descriptors for
dir_fd
on the local platform:
os.stat in os.supports_dir_fd
目前 dir_fd parameters only work on Unix platforms; none of them work on Windows.
3.3 版新增。
os.
supports_effective_ids
¶
A
set
object indicating whether
os.access()
permits specifying
True
for its
effective_ids
parameter on the local platform. (Specifying
False
for
effective_ids
is always supported on all platforms.) If the local platform supports it, the collection will contain
os.access()
; otherwise it will be empty.
This expression evaluates to
True
if
os.access()
supports
effective_ids=True
on the local platform:
os.access in os.supports_effective_ids
目前 effective_ids is only supported on Unix platforms; it does not work on Windows.
3.3 版新增。
os.
supports_fd
¶
A
set
object indicating which functions in the
os
module permit specifying their
path
parameter as an open file descriptor on the local platform. Different platforms provide different features, and the underlying functionality Python uses to accept open file descriptors as
path
arguments is not available on all platforms Python supports.
To determine whether a particular function permits specifying an open file descriptor for its
path
parameter, use the
in
operator on
supports_fd
. As an example, this expression evaluates to
True
if
os.chdir()
accepts open file descriptors for
path
on your local platform:
os.chdir in os.supports_fd
3.3 版新增。
os.
supports_follow_symlinks
¶
A
set
object indicating which functions in the
os
module accept
False
for their
follow_symlinks
parameter on the local platform. Different platforms provide different features, and the underlying functionality Python uses to implement
follow_symlinks
is not available on all platforms Python supports. For consistency’s sake, functions that may support
follow_symlinks
always allow specifying the parameter, but will throw an exception if the functionality is used when it’s not locally available. (Specifying
True
for
follow_symlinks
is always supported on all platforms.)
To check whether a particular function accepts
False
for its
follow_symlinks
parameter, use the
in
operator on
supports_follow_symlinks
. As an example, this expression evaluates to
True
if you may specify
follow_symlinks=False
当调用
os.stat()
on the local platform:
os.stat in os.supports_follow_symlinks
3.3 版新增。
os.
symlink
(
src
,
dst
,
target_is_directory=False
,
*
,
dir_fd=None
)
¶
创建的符号链接指向 src 命名 dst .
On Windows, a symlink represents either a file or a directory, and does not morph to the target dynamically. If the target is present, the type of the symlink will be created to match. Otherwise, the symlink will be created as a directory if
target_is_directory
is
True
or a file symlink (the default) otherwise. On non-Windows platforms,
target_is_directory
被忽略。
此函数可以支持 相对于目录描述符的路径 .
注意
On newer versions of Windows 10, unprivileged accounts can create symlinks if Developer Mode is enabled. When Developer Mode is not available/enabled, the SeCreateSymbolicLinkPrivilege privilege is required, or the process must be run as an administrator.
OSError
is raised when the function is called by an unprivileged user.
引发
审计事件
os.symlink
采用自变量
src
,
dst
,
dir_fd
.
可用性 :Unix、Windows。
3.2 版改变: 添加支持 Windows 6.0 (Vista) 符号链接。
3.3 版新增: 添加 dir_fd argument, and now allow target_is_directory on non-Windows platforms.
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 for src and dst .
3.8 版改变: Added support for unelevated symlinks on Windows with Developer Mode.
os.
sync
(
)
¶
强制将所有事情写入磁盘。
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增。
os.
truncate
(
path
,
length
)
¶
截取文件所对应的 path ,因此最多 length 字节大小。
此函数可以支持 指定文件描述符 .
引发
审计事件
os.truncate
采用自变量
path
,
length
.
可用性 :Unix、Windows。
3.3 版新增。
3.5 版改变: 添加支持 Windows
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
unlink
(
path
,
*
,
dir_fd=None
)
¶
移除 (删除) 文件
path
。此函数在语义上等同于
remove()
;
unlink
名称是它的传统 Unix 名称。请参阅文档编制为
remove()
了解进一步信息。
引发
审计事件
os.remove
采用自变量
path
,
dir_fd
.
3.3 版新增: The dir_fd 参数。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
utime
(
path
,
times=None
,
*
,
[
ns
,
]
dir_fd=None
,
follow_symlinks=True
)
¶
设置文件的访问和修改时间指定通过 path .
utime()
接受 2 可选参数
times
and
ns
。这些指定设置时间在
path
且用法如下:
若
ns
有指定,它必须是 2 元素元组形式
(atime_ns, mtime_ns)
各成员是表达纳秒的 int。
若
times
不是
None
,它必须是 2 元素元组形式
(atime, mtime)
各成员是表达秒数的 int 或浮点。
若
times
is
None
and
ns
未指定,这相当于指定
ns=(atime_ns, mtime_ns)
2 时间是当前时间。
指定元组是错误的对于两 times and ns .
注意,在这里设置的准确时间可能不会被返回通过后续
stat()
调用,从属操作系统记录访问时间和修改时间的分辨率; 见
stat()
。保留准确时间的最佳方式是使用
st_atime_ns
and
st_mtime_ns
字段来自
os.stat()
结果对象采用
ns
参数用于
utime
.
此函数可以支持 指定文件描述符 , 相对于目录描述符的路径 and 不遵循符号链接 .
引发
审计事件
os.utime
采用自变量
path
,
times
,
ns
,
dir_fd
.
3.3 版新增: 添加支持指定 path 按打开文件描述符,和 dir_fd , follow_symlinks ,和 ns 参数。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
walk
(
top
,
topdown=True
,
onerror=None
,
followlinks=False
)
¶
Generate the file names in a directory tree by walking the tree either top-down or bottom-up. For each directory in the tree rooted at directory
top
(including
top
本身),它产生 3 元组
(dirpath, dirnames,
filenames)
.
dirpath
is a string, the path to the directory.
dirnames
is a list of the names of the subdirectories in
dirpath
(excluding
'.'
and
'..'
).
filenames
is a list of the names of the non-directory files in
dirpath
. Note that the names in the lists contain no path components. To get a full path (which begins with
top
) to a file or directory in
dirpath
, do
os.path.join(dirpath, name)
. Whether or not the lists are sorted depends on the file system. If a file is removed from or added to the
dirpath
directory during generating the lists, whether a name for that file be included is unspecified.
若可选自变量
topdown
is
True
or not specified, the triple for a directory is generated before the triples for any of its subdirectories (directories are generated top-down). If
topdown
is
False
, the triple for a directory is generated after the triples for all of its subdirectories (directories are generated bottom-up). No matter the value of
topdown
, the list of subdirectories is retrieved before the tuples for the directory and its subdirectories are generated.
当
topdown
is
True
, the caller can modify the
dirnames
list in-place (perhaps using
del
or slice assignment), and
walk()
will only recurse into the subdirectories whose names remain in
dirnames
; this can be used to prune the search, impose a specific order of visiting, or even to inform
walk()
about directories the caller creates or renames before it resumes
walk()
again. Modifying
dirnames
当
topdown
is
False
has no effect on the behavior of the walk, because in bottom-up mode the directories in
dirnames
are generated before
dirpath
itself is generated.
By default, errors from the
scandir()
call are ignored. If optional argument
onerror
is specified, it should be a function; it will be called with one argument, an
OSError
instance. It can report the error to continue with the walk, or raise the exception to abort the walk. Note that the filename is available as the
filename
attribute of the exception object.
默认情况下,
walk()
will not walk down into symbolic links that resolve to directories. Set
followlinks
to
True
to visit directories pointed to by symlinks, on systems that support them.
注意
Be aware that setting
followlinks
to
True
can lead to infinite recursion if a link points to a parent directory of itself.
walk()
does not keep track of the directories it visited already.
注意
If you pass a relative pathname, don’t change the current working directory between resumptions of
walk()
.
walk()
never changes the current directory, and assumes that its caller doesn’t either.
This example displays the number of bytes taken by non-directory files in each directory under the starting directory, except that it doesn’t look under any CVS subdirectory:
import os from os.path import join, getsize for root, dirs, files in os.walk('python/Lib/email'): print(root, "consumes", end=" ") print(sum(getsize(join(root, name)) for name in files), end=" ") print("bytes in", len(files), "non-directory files") if 'CVS' in dirs: dirs.remove('CVS') # don't visit CVS directories
In the next example (simple implementation of
shutil.rmtree()
), walking the tree bottom-up is essential,
rmdir()
doesn’t allow deleting a directory before the directory is empty:
# Delete everything reachable from the directory named in "top", # assuming there are no symbolic links. # CAUTION: This is dangerous! For example, if top == '/', it # could delete all your disk files. import os for root, dirs, files in os.walk(top, topdown=False): for name in files: os.remove(os.path.join(root, name)) for name in dirs: os.rmdir(os.path.join(root, name))
3.5 版改变:
此函数现在调用
os.scandir()
而不是
os.listdir()
,使之更快通过减少调用数为
os.stat()
.
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
fwalk
(
top='.'
,
topdown=True
,
onerror=None
,
*
,
follow_symlinks=False
,
dir_fd=None
)
¶
此行为准确像
walk()
, except that it yields a 4-tuple
(dirpath, dirnames, filenames, dirfd)
,且它支持
dir_fd
.
dirpath
,
dirnames
and
filenames
are identical to
walk()
output, and
dirfd
is a file descriptor referring to the directory
dirpath
.
This function always supports
相对于目录描述符的路径
and
不遵循符号链接
. Note however that, unlike other functions, the
fwalk()
默认值为
follow_symlinks
is
False
.
注意
由于
fwalk()
yields file descriptors, those are only valid until the next iteration step, so you should duplicate them (e.g. with
dup()
) if you want to keep them longer.
This example displays the number of bytes taken by non-directory files in each directory under the starting directory, except that it doesn’t look under any CVS subdirectory:
import os for root, dirs, files, rootfd in os.fwalk('python/Lib/email'): print(root, "consumes", end="") print(sum([os.stat(name, dir_fd=rootfd).st_size for name in files]), end="") print("bytes in", len(files), "non-directory files") if 'CVS' in dirs: dirs.remove('CVS') # don't visit CVS directories
In the next example, walking the tree bottom-up is essential:
rmdir()
doesn’t allow deleting a directory before the directory is empty:
# Delete everything reachable from the directory named in "top", # assuming there are no symbolic links. # CAUTION: This is dangerous! For example, if top == '/', it # could delete all your disk files. import os for root, dirs, files, rootfd in os.fwalk(top, topdown=False): for name in files: os.unlink(name, dir_fd=rootfd) for name in dirs: os.rmdir(name, dir_fd=rootfd)
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
3.7 版改变:
添加支持
bytes
paths.
os.
memfd_create
(
name
[
,
flags=os.MFD_CLOEXEC
]
)
¶
Create an anonymous file and return a file descriptor that refers to it.
flags
必须是某一
os.MFD_*
constants available on the system (or a bitwise ORed combination of them). By default, the new file descriptor is
不可继承
.
The name supplied in
name
is used as a filename and will be displayed as the target of the corresponding symbolic link in the directory
/proc/self/fd/
. The displayed name is always prefixed with
memfd:
and serves only for debugging purposes. Names do not affect the behavior of the file descriptor, and as such multiple files can have the same name without any side effects.
可用性 : Linux 3.17 or newer with glibc 2.27 or newer.
3.8 版新增。
os.
MFD_CLOEXEC
¶
os.
MFD_ALLOW_SEALING
¶
os.
MFD_HUGETLB
¶
os.
MFD_HUGE_SHIFT
¶
os.
MFD_HUGE_MASK
¶
os.
MFD_HUGE_64KB
¶
os.
MFD_HUGE_512KB
¶
os.
MFD_HUGE_1MB
¶
os.
MFD_HUGE_2MB
¶
os.
MFD_HUGE_8MB
¶
os.
MFD_HUGE_16MB
¶
os.
MFD_HUGE_32MB
¶
os.
MFD_HUGE_256MB
¶
os.
MFD_HUGE_512MB
¶
os.
MFD_HUGE_1GB
¶
os.
MFD_HUGE_2GB
¶
os.
MFD_HUGE_16GB
¶
这些标志可以传递给
memfd_create()
.
可用性
:Linux 3.17 或更高版本采用 glibc 2.27 或更高版本。
MFD_HUGE*
标志才可用从 Linux 4.14 起。
3.8 版新增。
3.3 版新增。
这些函数只可用于 Linux。
os.
getxattr
(
path
,
属性
,
*
,
follow_symlinks=True
)
¶
Return the value of the extended filesystem attribute
属性
for
path
.
属性
can be bytes or str (directly or indirectly through the
PathLike
interface). If it is str, it is encoded with the filesystem encoding.
引发
审计事件
os.getxattr
采用自变量
path
,
attribute
.
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 for path and 属性 .
os.
listxattr
(
path=None
,
*
,
follow_symlinks=True
)
¶
Return a list of the extended filesystem attributes on
path
. The attributes in the list are represented as strings decoded with the filesystem encoding. If
path
is
None
,
listxattr()
will examine the current directory.
引发
审计事件
os.listxattr
采用自变量
path
.
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
removexattr
(
path
,
属性
,
*
,
follow_symlinks=True
)
¶
Removes the extended filesystem attribute
属性
from
path
.
属性
should be bytes or str (directly or indirectly through the
PathLike
interface). If it is a string, it is encoded with the filesystem encoding.
引发
审计事件
os.removexattr
采用自变量
path
,
attribute
.
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 for path and 属性 .
os.
setxattr
(
path
,
属性
,
value
,
flags=0
,
*
,
follow_symlinks=True
)
¶
Set the extended filesystem attribute
属性
on
path
to
value
.
属性
must be a bytes or str with no embedded NULs (directly or indirectly through the
PathLike
interface). If it is a str, it is encoded with the filesystem encoding.
flags
可以是
XATTR_REPLACE
or
XATTR_CREATE
。若
XATTR_REPLACE
is given and the attribute does not exist,
ENODATA
会被引发。若
XATTR_CREATE
is given and the attribute already exists, the attribute will not be created and
EEXISTS
会被引发。
注意
A bug in Linux kernel versions less than 2.6.39 caused the flags argument to be ignored on some filesystems.
引发
审计事件
os.setxattr
采用自变量
path
,
attribute
,
value
,
flags
.
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 for path and 属性 .
os.
XATTR_SIZE_MAX
¶
The maximum size the value of an extended attribute can be. Currently, this is 64 KiB on Linux.
os.
XATTR_CREATE
¶
This is a possible value for the flags argument in
setxattr()
. It indicates the operation must create an attribute.
os.
XATTR_REPLACE
¶
This is a possible value for the flags argument in
setxattr()
. It indicates the operation must replace an existing attribute.
这些函数可用于创建和管理进程。
The various
exec*
functions take a list of arguments for the new program loaded into the process. In each case, the first of these arguments is passed to the new program as its own name rather than as an argument a user may have typed on a command line. For the C programmer, this is the
argv[0]
passed to a program’s
main()
。例如,
os.execv('/bin/echo',
['foo',
'bar'])
只会打印
bar
on standard output;
foo
will seem to be ignored.
os.
abort
(
)
¶
生成
SIGABRT
signal to the current process. On Unix, the default behavior is to produce a core dump; on Windows, the process immediately returns an exit code of
3
. Be aware that calling this function will not call the Python signal handler registered for
SIGABRT
with
signal.signal()
.
os.
add_dll_directory
(
path
)
¶
将路径添加到 DLL 搜索路径。
此搜索路径用于解析要导入的扩展模块依赖 (模块本身透过 sys.path 解析),也可以通过
ctypes
.
移除目录通过调用
close()
在返回对象或使用它在
with
语句。
见 微软文档编制 了解如何加载 DLL 的更多有关信息。
引发
审计事件
os.add_dll_directory
采用自变量
path
.
可用性 :Windows。
3.8 版新增:
先前版本的 CPython 使用当前进程的默认行为解析 DLL。这会导致不一致,譬如有时仅搜索
PATH
或当前工作目录,且 OS 函数譬如
AddDllDirectory
不起作用。
从 3.8 起,加载 DLL 的 2 种首要方式现在是明确覆盖进程范围行为以确保一致性。见 移植说明 了解更新库的有关信息。
os.
execl
(
path
,
arg0
,
arg1
,
...
)
¶
os.
execle
(
path
,
arg0
,
arg1
,
...
,
env
)
¶
os.
execlp
(
file
,
arg0
,
arg1
,
...
)
¶
os.
execlpe
(
file
,
arg0
,
arg1
,
...
,
env
)
¶
os.
execv
(
path
,
args
)
¶
os.
execve
(
path
,
args
,
env
)
¶
os.
execvp
(
file
,
args
)
¶
os.
execvpe
(
file
,
args
,
env
)
¶
These functions all execute a new program, replacing the current process; they do not return. On Unix, the new executable is loaded into the current process, and will have the same process id as the caller. Errors will be reported as
OSError
异常。
The current process is replaced immediately. Open file objects and descriptors are not flushed, so if there may be data buffered on these open files, you should flush them using
sys.stdout.flush()
or
os.fsync()
before calling an
exec*
函数。
The “l” and “v” variants of the
exec*
functions differ in how command-line arguments are passed. The “l” variants are perhaps the easiest to work with if the number of parameters is fixed when the code is written; the individual parameters simply become additional parameters to the
execl*()
functions. The “v” variants are good when the number of parameters is variable, with the arguments being passed in a list or tuple as the
args
parameter. In either case, the arguments to the child process should start with the name of the command being run, but this is not enforced.
The variants which include a “p” near the end (
execlp()
,
execlpe()
,
execvp()
,和
execvpe()
) 将使用
PATH
environment variable to locate the program
file
. When the environment is being replaced (using one of the
exec*e
variants, discussed in the next paragraph), the new environment is used as the source of the
PATH
variable. The other variants,
execl()
,
execle()
,
execv()
,和
execve()
, will not use the
PATH
variable to locate the executable;
path
must contain an appropriate absolute or relative path.
For
execle()
,
execlpe()
,
execve()
,和
execvpe()
(note that these all end in “e”), the
env
parameter must be a mapping which is used to define the environment variables for the new process (these are used instead of the current process’ environment); the functions
execl()
,
execlp()
,
execv()
,和
execvp()
all cause the new process to inherit the environment of the current process.
For
execve()
on some platforms,
path
may also be specified as an open file descriptor. This functionality may not be supported on your platform; you can check whether or not it is available using
os.supports_fd
. If it is unavailable, using it will raise a
NotImplementedError
.
引发
审计事件
os.exec
采用自变量
path
,
args
,
env
.
可用性 :Unix、Windows。
3.3 版新增:
添加支持指定
path
作为打开文件描述符对于
execve()
.
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
_exit
(
n
)
¶
退出进程采用状态 n ,不调用清理处理程序、刷新 stdio 缓冲、等。
注意
退出的标准方式为
sys.exit(n)
.
_exit()
should normally only be used in the child process after a
fork()
.
The following exit codes are defined and can be used with
_exit()
, although they are not required. These are typically used for system programs written in Python, such as a mail server’s external command delivery program.
注意
Some of these may not be available on all Unix platforms, since there is some variation. These constants are defined where they are defined by the underlying platform.
os.
EX_OK
¶
退出代码意味着没有错误发生。
可用性 :Unix。
os.
EX_USAGE
¶
Exit code that means the command was used incorrectly, such as when the wrong number of arguments are given.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
EX_DATAERR
¶
意味着输入数据不正确的退出代码。
可用性 :Unix。
os.
EX_NOINPUT
¶
Exit code that means an input file did not exist or was not readable.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
EX_NOUSER
¶
Exit code that means a specified user did not exist.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
EX_NOHOST
¶
Exit code that means a specified host did not exist.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
EX_OSERR
¶
Exit code that means an operating system error was detected, such as the inability to fork or create a pipe.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
EX_OSFILE
¶
Exit code that means some system file did not exist, could not be opened, or had some other kind of error.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
EX_CANTCREAT
¶
Exit code that means a user specified output file could not be created.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
EX_TEMPFAIL
¶
Exit code that means a temporary failure occurred. This indicates something that may not really be an error, such as a network connection that couldn’t be made during a retryable operation.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
EX_PROTOCOL
¶
Exit code that means that a protocol exchange was illegal, invalid, or not understood.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
EX_NOPERM
¶
Exit code that means that there were insufficient permissions to perform the operation (but not intended for file system problems).
可用性 :Unix。
os.
fork
(
)
¶
分叉子级进程。返回
0
在子级和子级进程 ID 在父级。若发生错误
OSError
被引发。
注意,某些平台 (包括 FreeBSD <= 6.3 和 Cygwin) 有已知问题当使用
fork()
从线程。
引发
审计事件
os.fork
不带自变量。
3.8 版改变:
调用
fork()
在子解释器中不再被支持 (
RuntimeError
被引发)。
警告
见
ssl
了解应用程序使用 SSL 模块采用 fork()。
可用性 :Unix。
os.
forkpty
(
)
¶
分叉子级进程,使用新的伪终端作为子级进程的控制终端。返回一对
(pid, fd)
,其中
pid
is
0
in the child, the new child’s process id in the parent, and
fd
is the file descriptor of the master end of the pseudo-terminal. For a more portable approach, use the
pty
模块。若出现错误
OSError
被引发。
引发
审计事件
os.forkpty
不带自变量。
3.8 版改变:
调用
forkpty()
在子解释器中不再被支持 (
RuntimeError
被引发)。
可用性 :某些风味的 Unix。
os.
kill
(
pid
,
sig
)
¶
发送信号
sig
给进程
pid
。可用主机平台特定信号常量的定义在
signal
模块。
Windows:
signal.CTRL_C_EVENT
and
signal.CTRL_BREAK_EVENT
信号是特殊信号,只能发送给共享公共控制台窗口的控制台进程 (如:某些子进程)。任何其它值的
sig
将导致进程被TerminateProcess API 无条件杀除,且退出代码将设为
sig
。Windows 版本的
kill()
此外还需杀除进程句柄。
另请参阅
signal.pthread_kill()
.
引发
审计事件
os.kill
采用自变量
pid
,
sig
.
3.2 版新增: Windows 支持。
os.
plock
(
op
)
¶
Lock program segments into memory. The value of
op
(defined in
<sys/lock.h>
) determines which segments are locked.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
popen
(
cmd
,
mode='r'
,
buffering=-1
)
¶
打开管道到或来自命令
cmd
。返回值是连接管道的打开文件对象,可以读取或写入从属
mode
is
'r'
(默认) 或
'w'
。
buffering
自变量拥有的含义如同相应自变量在内置
open()
函数。返回的文件对象读取或写入文本字符串而不是字节。
The
close
方法返回
None
若子进程成功退出,或子进程返回代码若存在错误。在 POSIX 系统,若返回代码为正值,表示进程的返回值左移一字节。若返回代码为负值,将由返回代码否定值所给出的信号终止进程 (例如:返回值可能是
- signal.SIGKILL
若子进程被杀除)。在 Windows 系统,返回值包含来自子级进程的有符号整数返回代码。
这的实现是使用
subprocess.Popen
;见该类的文档编制,了解管理和与子进程通信的更强大办法。
os.
posix_spawn
(
path
,
argv
,
env
,
*
,
file_actions=None
,
setpgroup=None
,
resetids=False
,
setsid=False
,
setsigmask=()
,
setsigdef=()
,
scheduler=None
)
¶
包裹
posix_spawn()
C 库 API 为用于 Python。
大多数用户应该使用
subprocess.run()
而不是
posix_spawn()
.
仅位置自变量
path
,
args
,和
env
类似
execve()
.
The
path
parameter is the path to the executable file. The
path
should contain a directory. Use
posix_spawnp()
to pass an executable file without directory.
The
file_actions
argument may be a sequence of tuples describing actions to take on specific file descriptors in the child process between the C library implementation’s
fork()
and
exec()
steps. The first item in each tuple must be one of the three type indicator listed below describing the remaining tuple elements:
os.
POSIX_SPAWN_OPEN
¶
(
os.POSIX_SPAWN_OPEN
,
fd
,
path
,
flags
,
mode
)
履行
os.dup2(os.open(path, flags, mode), fd)
.
os.
POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSE
¶
(
os.POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSE
,
fd
)
履行
os.close(fd)
.
os.
POSIX_SPAWN_DUP2
¶
(
os.POSIX_SPAWN_DUP2
,
fd
,
new_fd
)
履行
os.dup2(fd, new_fd)
.
These tuples correspond to the C library
posix_spawn_file_actions_addopen()
,
posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose()
,和
posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2()
API calls used to prepare for the
posix_spawn()
call itself.
The
setpgroup
argument will set the process group of the child to the value specified. If the value specified is 0, the child’s process group ID will be made the same as its process ID. If the value of
setpgroup
is not set, the child will inherit the parent’s process group ID. This argument corresponds to the C library
POSIX_SPAWN_SETPGROUP
标志。
若
resetids
自变量为
True
it will reset the effective UID and GID of the child to the real UID and GID of the parent process. If the argument is
False
, then the child retains the effective UID and GID of the parent. In either case, if the set-user-ID and set-group-ID permission bits are enabled on the executable file, their effect will override the setting of the effective UID and GID. This argument corresponds to the C library
POSIX_SPAWN_RESETIDS
标志。
若
setsid
自变量为
True
, it will create a new session ID for
posix_spawn
.
setsid
requires
POSIX_SPAWN_SETSID
or
POSIX_SPAWN_SETSID_NP
flag. Otherwise,
NotImplementedError
被引发。
The
setsigmask
argument will set the signal mask to the signal set specified. If the parameter is not used, then the child inherits the parent’s signal mask. This argument corresponds to the C library
POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGMASK
标志。
The
sigdef
argument will reset the disposition of all signals in the set specified. This argument corresponds to the C library
POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGDEF
标志。
The
scheduler
argument must be a tuple containing the (optional) scheduler policy and an instance of
sched_param
with the scheduler parameters. A value of
None
in the place of the scheduler policy indicates that is not being provided. This argument is a combination of the C library
POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDPARAM
and
POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDULER
标志。
引发
审计事件
os.posix_spawn
采用自变量
path
,
argv
,
env
.
3.8 版新增。
可用性 :Unix。
os.
posix_spawnp
(
path
,
argv
,
env
,
*
,
file_actions=None
,
setpgroup=None
,
resetids=False
,
setsid=False
,
setsigmask=()
,
setsigdef=()
,
scheduler=None
)
¶
包裹
posix_spawnp()
C 库 API 为用于 Python。
类似于
posix_spawn()
except that the system searches for the
executable
file in the list of directories specified by the
PATH
environment variable (in the same way as for
execvp(3)
).
引发
审计事件
os.posix_spawn
采用自变量
path
,
argv
,
env
.
3.8 版新增。
可用性
: See
posix_spawn()
文档编制。
os.
register_at_fork
(
*
,
before=None
,
after_in_parent=None
,
after_in_child=None
)
¶
Register callables to be executed when a new child process is forked using
os.fork()
or similar process cloning APIs. The parameters are optional and keyword-only. Each specifies a different call point.
before is a function called before forking a child process.
after_in_parent is a function called from the parent process after forking a child process.
after_in_child is a function called from the child process.
These calls are only made if control is expected to return to the Python interpreter. A typical
subprocess
launch will not trigger them as the child is not going to re-enter the interpreter.
Functions registered for execution before forking are called in reverse registration order. Functions registered for execution after forking (either in the parent or in the child) are called in registration order.
注意,
fork()
calls made by third-party C code may not call those functions, unless it explicitly calls
PyOS_BeforeFork()
,
PyOS_AfterFork_Parent()
and
PyOS_AfterFork_Child()
.
没有办法取消函数注册。
可用性 :Unix。
3.7 版新增。
os.
spawnl
(
mode
,
path
,
...
)
¶
os.
spawnle
(
mode
,
path
,
...
,
env
)
¶
os.
spawnlp
(
mode
,
file
,
...
)
¶
os.
spawnlpe
(
mode
,
file
,
...
,
env
)
¶
os.
spawnv
(
mode
,
path
,
args
)
¶
os.
spawnve
(
mode
,
path
,
args
,
env
)
¶
os.
spawnvp
(
mode
,
file
,
args
)
¶
os.
spawnvpe
(
mode
,
file
,
args
,
env
)
¶
执行程序 path 在新的进程中。
(注意,
subprocess
module provides more powerful facilities for spawning new processes and retrieving their results; using that module is preferable to using these functions. Check especially the
替换较旧函数采用 subprocess 模块
章节。)
若
mode
is
P_NOWAIT
, this function returns the process id of the new process; if
mode
is
P_WAIT
, returns the process’s exit code if it exits normally, or
-signal
,其中
signal
is the signal that killed the process. On Windows, the process id will actually be the process handle, so can be used with the
waitpid()
函数。
Note on VxWorks, this function doesn’t return
-signal
when the new process is killed. Instead it raises OSError exception.
The “l” and “v” variants of the
spawn*
functions differ in how command-line arguments are passed. The “l” variants are perhaps the easiest to work with if the number of parameters is fixed when the code is written; the individual parameters simply become additional parameters to the
spawnl*()
functions. The “v” variants are good when the number of parameters is variable, with the arguments being passed in a list or tuple as the
args
parameter. In either case, the arguments to the child process must start with the name of the command being run.
The variants which include a second “p” near the end (
spawnlp()
,
spawnlpe()
,
spawnvp()
,和
spawnvpe()
) 将使用
PATH
environment variable to locate the program
file
. When the environment is being replaced (using one of the
spawn*e
variants, discussed in the next paragraph), the new environment is used as the source of the
PATH
variable. The other variants,
spawnl()
,
spawnle()
,
spawnv()
,和
spawnve()
, will not use the
PATH
variable to locate the executable;
path
must contain an appropriate absolute or relative path.
For
spawnle()
,
spawnlpe()
,
spawnve()
,和
spawnvpe()
(note that these all end in “e”), the
env
parameter must be a mapping which is used to define the environment variables for the new process (they are used instead of the current process’ environment); the functions
spawnl()
,
spawnlp()
,
spawnv()
,和
spawnvp()
all cause the new process to inherit the environment of the current process. Note that keys and values in the
env
dictionary must be strings; invalid keys or values will cause the function to fail, with a return value of
127
.
作为范例,以下调用
spawnlp()
and
spawnvpe()
是等效的:
import os os.spawnlp(os.P_WAIT, 'cp', 'cp', 'index.html', '/dev/null') L = ['cp', 'index.html', '/dev/null'] os.spawnvpe(os.P_WAIT, 'cp', L, os.environ)
引发
审计事件
os.spawn
采用自变量
mode
,
path
,
args
,
env
.
可用性
:Unix、Windows。
spawnlp()
,
spawnlpe()
,
spawnvp()
and
spawnvpe()
不可用于 Windows。
spawnle()
and
spawnve()
在 Windows 不是线程安全的;建议使用
subprocess
模块代替。
3.6 版改变: 接受 像路径对象 .
os.
P_NOWAIT
¶
os.
P_NOWAITO
¶
可能的值对于
mode
参数用于
spawn*
family of functions. If either of these values is given, the
spawn*()
functions will return as soon as the new process has been created, with the process id as the return value.
可用性 :Unix、Windows。
os.
P_WAIT
¶
可能的值对于
mode
参数用于
spawn*
family of functions. If this is given as
mode
,
spawn*()
functions will not return until the new process has run to completion and will return the exit code of the process the run is successful, or
-signal
若信号杀除进程。
可用性 :Unix、Windows。
os.
P_DETACH
¶
os.
P_OVERLAY
¶
可能的值对于
mode
参数用于
spawn*
family of functions. These are less portable than those listed above.
P_DETACH
类似于
P_NOWAIT
, but the new process is detached from the console of the calling process. If
P_OVERLAY
is used, the current process will be replaced; the
spawn*
函数不会返回。
可用性 :Windows。
os.
startfile
(
path
[
,
operation
]
)
¶
采用关联应用程序启动文件。
当
operation
未指定或
'open'
,这的举动像在 Windows 资源管理器中双击文件,或将文件名作为自变量赋予
start
命令从交互命令 Shell:采用其扩展名关联的任何应用程序 (若有的话) 打开文件。
当另一
operation
有给定,它必须是指定应该对文件做什么的命令动词。由 Microsoft 文档化的常见动词包括
'print'
and
'edit'
(用于文件) 及
'explore'
and
'find'
(用于目录)。
startfile()
尽快返回,一旦发起关联应用程序。没有等待应用程序关闭的选项,也没有检索应用程序退出状态的办法。
path
参数相对于当前目录。若想要使用绝对路径,确保第一个字符不是斜杠 (
'/'
);底层 Win32
ShellExecute()
函数不工作,若它是的话。使用
os.path.normpath()
函数以确保是 Win32 正确编码路径。
要缩减解释器启动开销,Win32
ShellExecute()
函数不被解析直到首次调用此函数为止。若函数无法解析,
NotImplementedError
会被引发。
引发
审计事件
os.startfile
采用自变量
path
,
operation
.
可用性 :Windows。
os.
system
(
命令
)
¶
在子 Shell 执行命令 (字符串)。这的实现是通过调用标准 C 函数
system()
,且拥有相同局限性。更改
sys.stdin
等未反映在执行命令环境中。若
命令
生成任何输出,将被发送给解释器标准输出流。
在 Unix,返回值是进程的退出状态,指定编码格式为
wait()
. Note that POSIX does not specify the meaning of the return value of the C
system()
function, so the return value of the Python function is system-dependent.
在 Windows,返回值是由系统 Shell 所返回的值后于运行
命令
。Shell 的给定是通过 Windows 环境变量
COMSPEC
:通常是
cmd.exe
,返回运行命令的退出状态;当系统使用非本机 Shell 时,请翻阅 Shell 文档编制。
The
subprocess
module provides more powerful facilities for spawning new processes and retrieving their results; using that module is preferable to using this function. See the
替换较旧函数采用 subprocess 模块
section in the
subprocess
documentation for some helpful recipes.
引发
审计事件
os.system
采用自变量
command
.
可用性 :Unix、Windows。
os.
times
(
)
¶
返回当前全局处理时间。返回值是具有 5 属性的对象:
user
- 用户时间
system
- 系统时间
children_user
- 所有子级进程的用户时间
children_system
- 所有子级进程的系统时间
elapsed
- 从过去固定点起的真实消耗时间
为向后兼容,此对象的行为还像 5 元组包含
user
,
system
,
children_user
,
children_system
,和
elapsed
in that order.
见 Unix 手册页
times(2)
and
times(3)
手册页在 Unix 或
the GetProcessTimes MSDN
on Windows. On Windows, only
user
and
system
are known; the other attributes are zero.
可用性 :Unix、Windows。
3.3 版改变: 返回类型从元组更改为具有命名属性的像元组对象。
os.
wait
(
)
¶
Wait for completion of a child process, and return a tuple containing its pid and exit status indication: a 16-bit number, whose low byte is the signal number that killed the process, and whose high byte is the exit status (if the signal number is zero); the high bit of the low byte is set if a core file was produced.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
waitid
(
idtype
,
id
,
选项
)
¶
Wait for the completion of one or more child processes.
idtype
可以是
P_PID
,
P_PGID
or
P_ALL
.
id
specifies the pid to wait on.
选项
is constructed from the ORing of one or more of
WEXITED
,
WSTOPPED
or
WCONTINUED
and additionally may be ORed with
WNOHANG
or
WNOWAIT
. The return value is an object representing the data contained in the
siginfo_t
structure, namely:
si_pid
,
si_uid
,
si_signo
,
si_status
,
si_code
or
None
if
WNOHANG
is specified and there are no children in a waitable state.
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增。
os.
P_PID
¶
os.
P_PGID
¶
os.
P_ALL
¶
这些是可能的值对于
idtype
in
waitid()
. They affect how
id
is interpreted.
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增。
os.
WEXITED
¶
os.
WSTOPPED
¶
os.
WNOWAIT
¶
Flags that can be used in
选项
in
waitid()
that specify what child signal to wait for.
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增。
os.
CLD_EXITED
¶
os.
CLD_DUMPED
¶
os.
CLD_TRAPPED
¶
os.
CLD_CONTINUED
¶
这些是可能的值对于
si_code
in the result returned by
waitid()
.
可用性 :Unix。
3.3 版新增。
os.
waitpid
(
pid
,
选项
)
¶
The details of this function differ on Unix and Windows.
On Unix: Wait for completion of a child process given by process id
pid
, and return a tuple containing its process id and exit status indication (encoded as for
wait()
). The semantics of the call are affected by the value of the integer
选项
, which should be
0
for normal operation.
若
pid
大于
0
,
waitpid()
requests status information for that specific process. If
pid
is
0
, the request is for the status of any child in the process group of the current process. If
pid
is
-1
, the request pertains to any child of the current process. If
pid
小于
-1
, status is requested for any process in the process group
-pid
(the absolute value of
pid
).
An
OSError
is raised with the value of errno when the syscall returns -1.
On Windows: Wait for completion of a process given by process handle
pid
, and return a tuple containing
pid
, and its exit status shifted left by 8 bits (shifting makes cross-platform use of the function easier). A
pid
less than or equal to
0
has no special meaning on Windows, and raises an exception. The value of integer
选项
不起作用。
pid
can refer to any process whose id is known, not necessarily a child process. The
spawn*
functions called with
P_NOWAIT
return suitable process handles.
3.5 版改变:
若系统调用被中断且信号处理程序未引发异常,函数现在会重试系统调用而不是引发
InterruptedError
异常 (见
PEP 475
了解基本原理)。
os.
wait3
(
选项
)
¶
类似于
waitpid()
, except no process id argument is given and a 3-element tuple containing the child’s process id, exit status indication, and resource usage information is returned. Refer to
resource
.
getrusage()
for details on resource usage information. The option argument is the same as that provided to
waitpid()
and
wait4()
.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
wait4
(
pid
,
选项
)
¶
类似于
waitpid()
, except a 3-element tuple, containing the child’s process id, exit status indication, and resource usage information is returned. Refer to
resource
.
getrusage()
for details on resource usage information. The arguments to
wait4()
are the same as those provided to
waitpid()
.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
WNOHANG
¶
The option for
waitpid()
to return immediately if no child process status is available immediately. The function returns
(0, 0)
在此情况下。
可用性 :Unix。
os.
WCONTINUED
¶
This option causes child processes to be reported if they have been continued from a job control stop since their status was last reported.
可用性 :某些 Unix 系统。
os.
WUNTRACED
¶
This option causes child processes to be reported if they have been stopped but their current state has not been reported since they were stopped.
可用性 :Unix。
The following functions take a process status code as returned by
system()
,
wait()
,或
waitpid()
as a parameter. They may be used to determine the disposition of a process.
os.
WCOREDUMP
(
status
)
¶
返回
True
if a core dump was generated for the process, otherwise return
False
.
才应雇用此函数若
WIFSIGNALED()
为 True。
可用性 :Unix。
os.
WIFCONTINUED
(
status
)
¶
返回
True
if a stopped child has been resumed by delivery of
SIGCONT
(if the process has been continued from a job control stop), otherwise return
False
.
见
WCONTINUED
选项。
可用性 :Unix。
os.
WIFSTOPPED
(
status
)
¶
返回
True
if the process was stopped by delivery of a signal, otherwise return
False
.
WIFSTOPPED()
only returns
True
若
waitpid()
call was done using
WUNTRACED
option or when the process is being traced (see
ptrace(2)
).
可用性 :Unix。
os.
WIFEXITED
(
status
)
¶
返回
True
if the process exited terminated normally, that is, by calling
exit()
or
_exit()
,或通过返回自
main()
;否则返回
False
.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
WEXITSTATUS
(
status
)
¶
返回进程退出状态。
才应雇用此函数若
WIFEXITED()
为 True。
可用性 :Unix。
os.
WSTOPSIG
(
status
)
¶
Return the signal which caused the process to stop.
才应雇用此函数若
WIFSTOPPED()
为 True。
可用性 :Unix。
os.
WTERMSIG
(
status
)
¶
Return the number of the signal that caused the process to terminate.
才应雇用此函数若
WIFSIGNALED()
为 True。
可用性 :Unix。
这些函数控制操作系统,如何分配进程 CPU 时间。它们只可用于某些 Unix 平台。更多详细信息,请翻阅 Unix 手册页。
3.3 版新增。
下列调度策略被暴露,若操作系统支持它们。
os.
SCHED_OTHER
¶
默认调度策略。
os.
SCHED_BATCH
¶
Scheduling policy for CPU-intensive processes that tries to preserve interactivity on the rest of the computer.
os.
SCHED_IDLE
¶
极低优先级后台任务的调度策略。
os.
SCHED_SPORADIC
¶
零星服务器程序的调度策略。
os.
SCHED_FIFO
¶
FIFO (先进先出) 调度策略。
os.
SCHED_RR
¶
循环调度策略。
os.
SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK
¶
This flag can be OR’ed with any other scheduling policy. When a process with this flag set forks, its child’s scheduling policy and priority are reset to the default.
os.
sched_param
(
sched_priority
)
¶
This class represents tunable scheduling parameters used in
sched_setparam()
,
sched_setscheduler()
,和
sched_getparam()
. It is immutable.
此刻,只有一个可能参数:
sched_priority
¶
调度策略的调度优先级。
os.
sched_get_priority_min
(
policy
)
¶
Get the minimum priority value for policy . policy is one of the scheduling policy constants above.
os.
sched_get_priority_max
(
policy
)
¶
Get the maximum priority value for policy . policy is one of the scheduling policy constants above.
os.
sched_setscheduler
(
pid
,
policy
,
param
)
¶
Set the scheduling policy for the process with PID
pid
。
pid
of 0 means the calling process.
policy
is one of the scheduling policy constants above.
param
是
sched_param
实例。
os.
sched_getscheduler
(
pid
)
¶
Return the scheduling policy for the process with PID pid 。 pid of 0 means the calling process. The result is one of the scheduling policy constants above.
os.
sched_setparam
(
pid
,
param
)
¶
Set a scheduling parameters for the process with PID
pid
。
pid
of 0 means the calling process.
param
是
sched_param
实例。
os.
sched_getparam
(
pid
)
¶
Return the scheduling parameters as a
sched_param
instance for the process with PID
pid
。
pid
of 0 means the calling process.
os.
sched_rr_get_interval
(
pid
)
¶
Return the round-robin quantum in seconds for the process with PID pid 。 pid of 0 means the calling process.
os.
sched_yield
(
)
¶
自愿放弃 CPU。
os.
sched_setaffinity
(
pid
,
mask
)
¶
Restrict the process with PID pid (or the current process if zero) to a set of CPUs. mask is an iterable of integers representing the set of CPUs to which the process should be restricted.
os.
sched_getaffinity
(
pid
)
¶
返回 CPU 集的进程具有 PID pid (或当前进程若为 0) 限定。
os.
confstr
(
name
)
¶
Return string-valued system configuration values.
name
specifies the configuration value to retrieve; it may be a string which is the name of a defined system value; these names are specified in a number of standards (POSIX, Unix 95, Unix 98, and others). Some platforms define additional names as well. The names known to the host operating system are given as the keys of the
confstr_names
dictionary. For configuration variables not included in that mapping, passing an integer for
name
is also accepted.
若配置值的指定通过
name
未定义,
None
被返回。
若
name
是字符串且未知,
ValueError
被引发。若特定值对于
name
主机系统不支持,即使包括在
confstr_names
,
OSError
被引发采用
errno.EINVAL
对于错误编号。
可用性 :Unix。
os.
confstr_names
¶
字典映射的名称接受通过
confstr()
to the integer values defined for those names by the host operating system. This can be used to determine the set of names known to the system.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
cpu_count
(
)
¶
返回系统中的 CPU 数。返回
None
若不确定。
此数字不等效于当前进程可以使用的 CPU 数。可用 CPU 数可以获得采用
len(os.sched_getaffinity(0))
3.4 版新增。
os.
sysconf
(
name
)
¶
Return integer-valued system configuration values. If the configuration value specified by
name
未定义,
-1
is returned. The comments regarding the
name
parameter for
confstr()
apply here as well; the dictionary that provides information on the known names is given by
sysconf_names
.
可用性 :Unix。
os.
sysconf_names
¶
字典映射的名称接受通过
sysconf()
to the integer values defined for those names by the host operating system. This can be used to determine the set of names known to the system.
可用性 :Unix。
下列数据值用于支持路径操纵操作。所有平台都有定义这些。
路径名的高级操作的定义在
os.path
模块。
os.
curdir
¶
The constant string used by the operating system to refer to the current directory. This is
'.'
for Windows and POSIX. Also available via
os.path
.
os.
pardir
¶
The constant string used by the operating system to refer to the parent directory. This is
'..'
for Windows and POSIX. Also available via
os.path
.
os.
sep
¶
The character used by the operating system to separate pathname components. This is
'/'
for POSIX and
'\\'
for Windows. Note that knowing this is not sufficient to be able to parse or concatenate pathnames — use
os.path.split()
and
os.path.join()
— but it is occasionally useful. Also available via
os.path
.
os.
altsep
¶
操作系统用来分隔路径名分量的替代字符,或
None
若只存在一个分隔符。这被设为
'/'
在 Windows 系统
sep
是 反斜杠。也可用凭借
os.path
.
os.
extsep
¶
The character which separates the base filename from the extension; for example, the
'.'
in
os.py
. Also available via
os.path
.
os.
pathsep
¶
The character conventionally used by the operating system to separate search path components (as in
PATH
),譬如
':'
for POSIX or
';'
为 Windows。也可用凭借
os.path
.
os.
defpath
¶
The default search path used by
exec*p*
and
spawn*p*
if the environment doesn’t have a
'PATH'
key. Also available via
os.path
.
os.
linesep
¶
The string used to separate (or, rather, terminate) lines on the current platform. This may be a single character, such as
'\n'
for POSIX, or multiple characters, for example,
'\r\n'
for Windows. Do not use
os.linesep
as a line terminator when writing files opened in text mode (the default); use a single
'\n'
代替,在所有平台。
os.
RTLD_LAZY
¶
os.
RTLD_NOW
¶
os.
RTLD_GLOBAL
¶
os.
RTLD_LOCAL
¶
os.
RTLD_NODELETE
¶
os.
RTLD_NOLOAD
¶
os.
RTLD_DEEPBIND
¶
标志用于
setdlopenflags()
and
getdlopenflags()
函数。见 Unix 手册页
dlopen(3)
了解不同标志的具体含义。
3.3 版新增。
os.
getrandom
(
size
,
flags=0
)
¶
获取直到 size 随机字节。函数返回字节数可以小于请求字节数。
这些 bytes 可以用于种子用户空间随机数生成器 (或用于加密目的)。
getrandom()
relies on entropy gathered from device drivers and other sources of environmental noise. Unnecessarily reading large quantities of data will have a negative impact on other users of the
/dev/random
and
/dev/urandom
设备。
The flags argument is a bit mask that can contain zero or more of the following values ORed together:
os.GRND_RANDOM
and
GRND_NONBLOCK
.
另请参阅 Linux getrandom() 手册页 .
可用性 :Linux 3.17 及更高版本。
3.6 版新增。
os.
urandom
(
size
)
¶
Return a string of size random bytes suitable for cryptographic use.
This function returns random bytes from an OS-specific randomness source. The returned data should be unpredictable enough for cryptographic applications, though its exact quality depends on the OS implementation.
在 Linux,若
getrandom()
syscall is available, it is used in blocking mode: block until the system urandom entropy pool is initialized (128 bits of entropy are collected by the kernel). See the
PEP 524
for the rationale. On Linux, the
getrandom()
function can be used to get random bytes in non-blocking mode (using the
GRND_NONBLOCK
flag) or to poll until the system urandom entropy pool is initialized.
在像 Unix 系统,随机字节读取自
/dev/urandom
设备。若
/dev/urandom
device is not available or not readable, the
NotImplementedError
异常被引发。
在 Windows,它将使用
CryptGenRandom()
.
另请参阅
The
secrets
module provides higher level functions. For an easy-to-use interface to the random number generator provided by your platform, please see
random.SystemRandom
.
3.6.0 版改变:
在 Linux,
getrandom()
is now used in blocking mode to increase the security.
3.5.2 版改变:
在 Linux,若
getrandom()
syscall blocks (the urandom entropy pool is not initialized yet), fall back on reading
/dev/urandom
.
3.5 版改变:
在 Linux 3.17 及更高版本,
getrandom()
syscall is now used when available. On OpenBSD 5.6 and newer, the C
getentropy()
function is now used. These functions avoid the usage of an internal file descriptor.
os.
GRND_NONBLOCK
¶
默认情况下,当读取自
/dev/random
,
getrandom()
blocks if no random bytes are available, and when reading from
/dev/urandom
, it blocks if the entropy pool has not yet been initialized.
若
GRND_NONBLOCK
标志有设置,那么
getrandom()
does not block in these cases, but instead immediately raises
BlockingIOError
.
3.6 版新增。
os.
GRND_RANDOM
¶
若此位有设置,那么随机字节抽取自
/dev/random
池而不是
/dev/urandom
池。
3.6 版新增。