signal — 为异步事件设置处理程序


此模块提供在 Python 中使用信号处理程序的机制。

一般规则

The signal.signal() 函数允许定义要执行的自定义处理程序,当收到信号时。有安装少量默认处理程序: SIGPIPE 被忽略 (因此,可以将在管道和套接字中写入错误报告成普通 Python 异常) 和 SIGINT 被翻译成 KeyboardInterrupt 异常若父级进程没有改变它。

特定信号处理程序一旦设置,仍会安装直到被明确重置 (Python 模拟 BSD 风格接口,不管底层实现),除了异常处理程序 SIGCHLD 遵循底层实现。

Python 信号处理程序的执行

Python 信号处理程序在低级 C 信号处理程序内,不会获得执行。相反,低级信号处理程序设置标志告诉 虚拟机 稍后要执行相应 Python 信号处理程序 (例如下一 bytecode 指令)。这有后果:

  • 它使捕获同步错误变得意义不大像 SIGFPE or SIGSEGV 是由 C 代码中的无效操作造成的。Python 将从信号处理程序返回到 C 代码,很可能再次引发相同信号,导致 Python 被明显挂起。从 Python 3.3 起,可以使用 faulthandler 模块报告同步错误。

  • 以纯 C 实现的长时间运行的计算 (例如:正则表达式匹配大量文本) 可以在任意时间内不间断运行,不管收到什么信号。将调用 Python 信号处理程序当计算完成时。

信号和线程

Python signal handlers are always executed in the main Python thread, even if the signal was received in another thread. This means that signals can’t be used as a means of inter-thread communication. You can use the synchronization primitives from the threading 模块代替。

Besides, only the main thread is allowed to set a new signal handler.

模块内容

3.5 版改变: 信号 (SIG*),处理程序 ( SIG_DFL , SIG_IGN ) and sigmask ( SIG_BLOCK , SIG_UNBLOCK , SIG_SETMASK ) 下面列出的相关常数被转换成 enums . getsignal() , pthread_sigmask() , sigpending() and sigwait() 函数返回人类可读的 enums .

定义的变量在 signal 模块是:

信号。 SIG_DFL

This is one of two standard signal handling options; it will simply perform the default function for the signal. For example, on most systems the default action for SIGQUIT is to dump core and exit, while the default action for SIGCHLD is to simply ignore it.

信号。 SIG_IGN

这是另一标准信号处理程序,将简单忽略给定信号。

信号。 SIGABRT

中止信号来自 abort(3) .

信号。 SIGALRM

计时器信号来自 alarm(2) .

可用性 :Unix。

信号。 SIGBREAK

中断来自键盘 (CTRL + BREAK)。

可用性 :Windows。

信号。 SIGBUS

总线错误 (坏的内存访问)。

可用性 :Unix。

信号。 SIGCHLD

子进程已停止 (或已终止)。

可用性 :Unix。

信号。 SIGCLD

别名 SIGCHLD .

信号。 SIGCONT

继续若进程目前已停止

可用性 :Unix。

信号。 SIGFPE

浮点异常。例如,除以 0。

另请参阅

ZeroDivisionError 被引发当除法 (或模) 运算的第 2 自变量为 0。

信号。 SIGHUP

在控制终端检测到挂起 (或控制进程死亡)。

可用性 :Unix。

信号。 SIGILL

非法指令。

信号。 SIGINT

中断来自键盘 (CTRL + C)。

默认动作是引发 KeyboardInterrupt .

信号。 SIGKILL

杀除信号。

它无法被捕获、阻塞或忽略。

可用性 :Unix。

信号。 SIGPIPE

已断开的管道:向没有读取器的管道写入。

默认动作是忽略信号。

可用性 :Unix。

信号。 SIGSEGV

分段故障:无效的内存引用。

信号。 SIGTERM

终止信号。

信号。 SIGUSR1

用户定义信号 1。

可用性 :Unix。

信号。 SIGUSR2

用户定义信号 2。

可用性 :Unix。

信号。 SIGWINCH

窗口重置大小信号。

可用性 :Unix。

SIG*

All the signal numbers are defined symbolically. For example, the hangup signal is defined as signal.SIGHUP ; the variable names are identical to the names used in C programs, as found in <signal.h> . The Unix man page for ‘ signal() ’ lists the existing signals (on some systems this is signal(2) , on others the list is in signal(7) ). Note that not all systems define the same set of signal names; only those names defined by the system are defined by this module.

信号。 CTRL_C_EVENT

信号对应 Ctrl+C 击键事件。此信号只可用于 os.kill() .

可用性 :Windows。

3.2 版新增。

信号。 CTRL_BREAK_EVENT

信号对应 Ctrl+Break 击键事件。此信号只可用于 os.kill() .

可用性 :Windows。

3.2 版新增。

信号。 NSIG

One more than the number of the highest signal number.

信号。 ITIMER_REAL

Decrements interval timer in real time, and delivers SIGALRM upon expiration.

信号。 ITIMER_VIRTUAL

Decrements interval timer only when the process is executing, and delivers SIGVTALRM upon expiration.

信号。 ITIMER_PROF

Decrements interval timer both when the process executes and when the system is executing on behalf of the process. Coupled with ITIMER_VIRTUAL, this timer is usually used to profile the time spent by the application in user and kernel space. SIGPROF is delivered upon expiration.

信号。 SIG_BLOCK

A possible value for the how 参数用于 pthread_sigmask() indicating that signals are to be blocked.

3.3 版新增。

信号。 SIG_UNBLOCK

A possible value for the how 参数用于 pthread_sigmask() indicating that signals are to be unblocked.

3.3 版新增。

信号。 SIG_SETMASK

A possible value for the how 参数用于 pthread_sigmask() indicating that the signal mask is to be replaced.

3.3 版新增。

The signal 模块定义了一个异常:

exception 信号。 ItimerError

Raised to signal an error from the underlying setitimer() or getitimer() implementation. Expect this error if an invalid interval timer or a negative time is passed to setitimer() . This error is a subtype of OSError .

3.3 版新增: This error used to be a subtype of IOError ,现在是别名化的 OSError .

The signal 模块定义了下列函数:

信号。 alarm ( time )

time is non-zero, this function requests that a SIGALRM signal be sent to the process in time seconds. Any previously scheduled alarm is canceled (only one alarm can be scheduled at any time). The returned value is then the number of seconds before any previously set alarm was to have been delivered. If time is zero, no alarm is scheduled, and any scheduled alarm is canceled. If the return value is zero, no alarm is currently scheduled.

可用性 : Unix. See the man page alarm(2) 了解进一步信息。

信号。 getsignal ( signalnum )

Return the current signal handler for the signal signalnum . The returned value may be a callable Python object, or one of the special values signal.SIG_IGN , signal.SIG_DFL or None . Here, signal.SIG_IGN means that the signal was previously ignored, signal.SIG_DFL means that the default way of handling the signal was previously in use, and None means that the previous signal handler was not installed from Python.

信号。 strsignal ( signalnum )

Return the system description of the signal signalnum , such as “Interrupt”, “Segmentation fault”, etc. Returns None if the signal is not recognized.

3.8 版新增。

信号。 valid_signals ( )

Return the set of valid signal numbers on this platform. This can be less than range(1, NSIG) if some signals are reserved by the system for internal use.

3.8 版新增。

信号。 pause ( )

Cause the process to sleep until a signal is received; the appropriate handler will then be called. Returns nothing.

可用性 : Unix. See the man page signal(2) 了解进一步信息。

另请参阅 sigwait() , sigwaitinfo() , sigtimedwait() and sigpending() .

信号。 raise_signal ( signum )

把信号发送给调用进程。什么都不返回。

3.8 版新增。

信号。 pthread_kill ( thread_id , signalnum )

发送信号 signalnum to the thread thread_id , another thread in the same process as the caller. The target thread can be executing any code (Python or not). However, if the target thread is executing the Python interpreter, the Python signal handlers will be executed by the main thread . Therefore, the only point of sending a signal to a particular Python thread would be to force a running system call to fail with InterruptedError .

使用 threading.get_ident() ident attribute of threading.Thread objects to get a suitable value for thread_id .

signalnum is 0, then no signal is sent, but error checking is still performed; this can be used to check if the target thread is still running.

引发 审计事件 signal.pthread_kill 采用自变量 thread_id , signalnum .

可用性 : Unix. See the man page pthread_kill(3) 了解进一步信息。

另请参阅 os.kill() .

3.3 版新增。

信号。 pthread_sigmask ( how , mask )

Fetch and/or change the signal mask of the calling thread. The signal mask is the set of signals whose delivery is currently blocked for the caller. Return the old signal mask as a set of signals.

The behavior of the call is dependent on the value of how , as follows.

  • SIG_BLOCK : The set of blocked signals is the union of the current set and the mask 自变量。

  • SIG_UNBLOCK : The signals in mask are removed from the current set of blocked signals. It is permissible to attempt to unblock a signal which is not blocked.

  • SIG_SETMASK : The set of blocked signals is set to the mask 自变量。

mask is a set of signal numbers (e.g. { signal.SIGINT , signal.SIGTERM }). Use valid_signals() for a full mask including all signals.

例如, signal.pthread_sigmask(signal.SIG_BLOCK, []) reads the signal mask of the calling thread.

SIGKILL and SIGSTOP cannot be blocked.

可用性 : Unix. See the man page sigprocmask(3) and pthread_sigmask(3) 了解进一步信息。

另请参阅 pause() , sigpending() and sigwait() .

3.3 版新增。

信号。 setitimer ( which , seconds , interval=0.0 )

Sets given interval timer (one of signal.ITIMER_REAL , signal.ITIMER_VIRTUAL or signal.ITIMER_PROF ) specified by which to fire after seconds (float is accepted, different from alarm() ) and after that every interval seconds (if interval is non-zero). The interval timer specified by which can be cleared by setting seconds to zero.

When an interval timer fires, a signal is sent to the process. The signal sent is dependent on the timer being used; signal.ITIMER_REAL will deliver SIGALRM , signal.ITIMER_VIRTUAL sends SIGVTALRM ,和 signal.ITIMER_PROF will deliver SIGPROF .

The old values are returned as a tuple: (delay, interval).

Attempting to pass an invalid interval timer will cause an ItimerError .

可用性 :Unix。

信号。 getitimer ( which )

Returns current value of a given interval timer specified by which .

可用性 :Unix。

信号。 set_wakeup_fd ( fd , * , warn_on_full_buffer=True )

Set the wakeup file descriptor to fd . When a signal is received, the signal number is written as a single byte into the fd. This can be used by a library to wakeup a poll or select call, allowing the signal to be fully processed.

The old wakeup fd is returned (or -1 if file descriptor wakeup was not enabled). If fd is -1, file descriptor wakeup is disabled. If not -1, fd must be non-blocking. It is up to the library to remove any bytes from fd before calling poll or select again.

When threads are enabled, this function can only be called from the main thread; attempting to call it from other threads will cause a ValueError exception to be raised.

There are two common ways to use this function. In both approaches, you use the fd to wake up when a signal arrives, but then they differ in how they determine which signal or signals have arrived.

In the first approach, we read the data out of the fd’s buffer, and the byte values give you the signal numbers. This is simple, but in rare cases it can run into a problem: generally the fd will have a limited amount of buffer space, and if too many signals arrive too quickly, then the buffer may become full, and some signals may be lost. If you use this approach, then you should set warn_on_full_buffer=True , which will at least cause a warning to be printed to stderr when signals are lost.

In the second approach, we use the wakeup fd only for wakeups, and ignore the actual byte values. In this case, all we care about is whether the fd’s buffer is empty or non-empty; a full buffer doesn’t indicate a problem at all. If you use this approach, then you should set warn_on_full_buffer=False , so that your users are not confused by spurious warning messages.

3.5 版改变: 在 Windows,函数现在还支持套接字句柄。

3.7 版改变: 添加 warn_on_full_buffer 参数。

信号。 siginterrupt ( signalnum , flag )

更改系统调用的重启行为:若 flag is False , system calls will be restarted when interrupted by signal signalnum , otherwise system calls will be interrupted. Returns nothing.

可用性 : Unix. See the man page siginterrupt(3) 了解进一步信息。

Note that installing a signal handler with signal() will reset the restart behaviour to interruptible by implicitly calling siginterrupt() with a true flag value for the given signal.

信号。 signal ( signalnum , handler )

设置处理程序为信号 signalnum 到函数 handler . handler 可以是接受 2 自变量的可调用 Python 对象 (见下文),或者是某一特殊值 signal.SIG_IGN or signal.SIG_DFL 。将返回先前的信号处理程序 (见描述为 getsignal() 上文)。(见 Unix 手册页 signal(2) 了解进一步信息。)

When threads are enabled, this function can only be called from the main thread; attempting to call it from other threads will cause a ValueError exception to be raised.

The handler is called with two arguments: the signal number and the current stack frame ( None or a frame object; for a description of frame objects, see the description in the type hierarchy or see the attribute descriptions in the inspect 模块)。

在 Windows, signal() 才可以被调用采用 SIGABRT , SIGFPE , SIGILL , SIGINT , SIGSEGV , SIGTERM ,或 SIGBREAK ValueError will be raised in any other case. Note that not all systems define the same set of signal names; an AttributeError will be raised if a signal name is not defined as SIG* module level constant.

信号。 sigpending ( )

Examine the set of signals that are pending for delivery to the calling thread (i.e., the signals which have been raised while blocked). Return the set of the pending signals.

可用性 : Unix. See the man page sigpending(2) 了解进一步信息。

另请参阅 pause() , pthread_sigmask() and sigwait() .

3.3 版新增。

信号。 sigwait ( sigset )

Suspend execution of the calling thread until the delivery of one of the signals specified in the signal set sigset . The function accepts the signal (removes it from the pending list of signals), and returns the signal number.

可用性 : Unix. See the man page sigwait(3) 了解进一步信息。

另请参阅 pause() , pthread_sigmask() , sigpending() , sigwaitinfo() and sigtimedwait() .

3.3 版新增。

信号。 sigwaitinfo ( sigset )

Suspend execution of the calling thread until the delivery of one of the signals specified in the signal set sigset . The function accepts the signal and removes it from the pending list of signals. If one of the signals in sigset is already pending for the calling thread, the function will return immediately with information about that signal. The signal handler is not called for the delivered signal. The function raises an InterruptedError if it is interrupted by a signal that is not in sigset .

The return value is an object representing the data contained in the siginfo_t structure, namely: si_signo , si_code , si_errno , si_pid , si_uid , si_status , si_band .

可用性 : Unix. See the man page sigwaitinfo(2) 了解进一步信息。

另请参阅 pause() , sigwait() and sigtimedwait() .

3.3 版新增。

3.5 版改变: The function is now retried if interrupted by a signal not in sigset and the signal handler does not raise an exception (see PEP 475 了解基本原理)。

信号。 sigtimedwait ( sigset , timeout )

sigwaitinfo() , but takes an additional timeout argument specifying a timeout. If timeout is specified as 0 , a poll is performed. Returns None if a timeout occurs.

可用性 : Unix. See the man page sigtimedwait(2) 了解进一步信息。

另请参阅 pause() , sigwait() and sigwaitinfo() .

3.3 版新增。

3.5 版改变: The function is now retried with the recomputed timeout if interrupted by a signal not in sigset and the signal handler does not raise an exception (see PEP 475 了解基本原理)。

范例

Here is a minimal example program. It uses the alarm() function to limit the time spent waiting to open a file; this is useful if the file is for a serial device that may not be turned on, which would normally cause the os.open() to hang indefinitely. The solution is to set a 5-second alarm before opening the file; if the operation takes too long, the alarm signal will be sent, and the handler raises an exception.

import signal, os
def handler(signum, frame):
    print('Signal handler called with signal', signum)
    raise OSError("Couldn't open device!")
# Set the signal handler and a 5-second alarm
signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, handler)
signal.alarm(5)
# This open() may hang indefinitely
fd = os.open('/dev/ttyS0', os.O_RDWR)
signal.alarm(0)          # Disable the alarm
					

有关 SIGPIPE 的注意事项

Piping output of your program to tools like head(1) will cause a SIGPIPE signal to be sent to your process when the receiver of its standard output closes early. This results in an exception like BrokenPipeError: [Errno 32] Broken pipe . To handle this case, wrap your entry point to catch this exception as follows:

import os
import sys
def main():
    try:
        # simulate large output (your code replaces this loop)
        for x in range(10000):
            print("y")
        # flush output here to force SIGPIPE to be triggered
        # while inside this try block.
        sys.stdout.flush()
    except BrokenPipeError:
        # Python flushes standard streams on exit; redirect remaining output
        # to devnull to avoid another BrokenPipeError at shutdown
        devnull = os.open(os.devnull, os.O_WRONLY)
        os.dup2(devnull, sys.stdout.fileno())
        sys.exit(1)  # Python exits with error code 1 on EPIPE
if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
					

Do not set SIGPIPE ’s disposition to SIG_DFL in order to avoid BrokenPipeError . Doing that would cause your program to exit unexpectedly also whenever any socket connection is interrupted while your program is still writing to it.