Python 文档编制内容 ¶
-
Python 的新功能
-
What’s New In Python 3.13
- 摘要 – 发行亮点
- 新特征
- 其它语言变化
- 新模块
-
改进模块
- argparse
- array
- ast
- asyncio
- base64
- compileall
- concurrent.futures
- configparser
- copy
- ctypes
- dbm
- dis
- doctest
- fractions
- glob
- importlib
- io
- ipaddress
- itertools
- marshal
- math
- mimetypes
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- os
- os.path
- pathlib
- pdb
- queue
- random
- re
- shutil
- site
- sqlite3
- ssl
- statistics
- subprocess
- sys
- tempfile
- time
- tkinter
- traceback
- 类型
- typing
- unicodedata
- venv
- warnings
- xml
- zipimport
- 优化
- Removed Modules And APIs
- New Deprecations
- CPython Bytecode Changes
- C API 变化
- 构建变化
- Porting to Python 3.13
- Regression Test Changes
- Notable changes in 3.13.1
- What’s New In Python 3.12
- Python 3.11 有什么新功能
-
What’s New In Python 3.10
- 摘要 – 发行亮点
- 新特征
- New Features Related to Type Hints
- 其它语言变化
- 新模块
-
改进模块
- asyncio
- argparse
- array
- asynchat, asyncore, smtpd
- base64
- bdb
- bisect
- codecs
- collections.abc
- contextlib
- curses
- dataclasses
- distutils
- doctest
- encodings
- enum
- fileinput
- faulthandler
- gc
- glob
- hashlib
- hmac
- IDLE and idlelib
- importlib.metadata
- inspect
- itertools
- linecache
- os
- os.path
- pathlib
- platform
- pprint
- py_compile
- pyclbr
- shelve
- statistics
- site
- socket
- ssl
- sqlite3
- sys
- _thread
- threading
- traceback
- 类型
- typing
- unittest
- urllib.parse
- xml
- zipimport
- 优化
- 弃用
- 移除
- Porting to Python 3.10
- CPython 字节码变化
- 构建变化
- C API 变化
- Notable security feature in 3.10.7
- Notable security feature in 3.10.8
- Notable changes in 3.10.12
- Python 3.9 的新功能
-
Python 3.8 的新功能
- 摘要 – 发行亮点
- 新特征
- 其它语言变化
- 新模块
-
改进模块
- ast
- asyncio
- builtins
- collections
- cProfile
- csv
- curses
- ctypes
- datetime
- functools
- gc
- gettext
- gzip
- IDLE and idlelib
- inspect
- io
- itertools
- json.tool
- logging
- math
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- os
- os.path
- pathlib
- pickle
- plistlib
- pprint
- py_compile
- shlex
- shutil
- socket
- ssl
- statistics
- sys
- tarfile
- threading
- tokenize
- tkinter
- time
- typing
- unicodedata
- unittest
- venv
- weakref
- xml
- xmlrpc
- 优化
- 构建和 C API 变化
- 弃用
- API 和特征移除
- 移植到 Python 3.8
- Python 3.8.1 值得注意的变化
- Notable changes in Python 3.8.2
- Notable changes in Python 3.8.3
- Python 3.8.8 值得注意的变化
- Notable changes in Python 3.8.9
- Notable changes in Python 3.8.10
- Notable changes in Python 3.8.10
- Python 3.8.12 值得注意的变化
- Notable security feature in 3.8.14
- Notable changes in 3.8.17
-
Python 3.7 的新功能
- 摘要 – 发行亮点
-
新特征
- PEP 563: Postponed Evaluation of Annotations
- PEP 538：传统 C 区域设置强制转换
- PEP 540: Forced UTF-8 Runtime Mode
-
PEP 553：内置
breakpoint() - PEP 539：用于线程局部存储的新 C API
- PEP 562：访问模块属性的定制
- PEP 564: New Time Functions With Nanosecond Resolution
-
PEP 565: Show DeprecationWarning in
__main__ -
PEP 560: Core Support for
typingmodule and Generic Types - PEP 552: Hash-based .pyc Files
- PEP 545: Python Documentation Translations
- Python Development Mode (-X dev)
- 其它语言变化
- 新模块
-
改进模块
- argparse
- asyncio
- binascii
- calendar
- collections
- compileall
- concurrent.futures
- contextlib
- cProfile
- crypt
- datetime
- dbm
- decimal
- dis
- distutils
- enum
- functools
- gc
- hmac
- http.client
- http.server
- idlelib and IDLE
- importlib
- io
- ipaddress
- itertools
- locale
- logging
- math
- mimetypes
- msilib
- multiprocessing
- os
- pathlib
- pdb
- py_compile
- pydoc
- queue
- re
- signal
- socket
- socketserver
- sqlite3
- ssl
- string
- subprocess
- sys
- time
- tkinter
- tracemalloc
- 类型
- unicodedata
- unittest
- unittest.mock
- urllib.parse
- uu
- uuid
- warnings
- xml
- xml.etree
- xmlrpc.server
- zipapp
- zipfile
- C API 变化
- 构建变化
- 优化
- 其它 CPython 实现变化
- 弃用 Python 行为
- 弃用 Python 模块、函数和方法
- 弃用函数和 C API 类型
- 平台支持移除
- API 和特征移除
- 模块移除
- 仅 Windows 变化
- 移植到 Python 3.7
- Python 3.7.1 值得注意的变化
- Python 3.7.2 值得注意的变化
- Python 3.7.6 值得注意的变化
- Python 3.7.10 值得注意的变化
- Notable changes in Python 3.7.11
- Notable security feature in 3.7.14
-
Python 3.6 的新功能
- 摘要 – 发行亮点
-
新特征
- PEP 498: 格式化字符串文字
- PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations
- PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals
- PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators
- PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions
- PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation
- PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements
- PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol
- PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation
- PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8
- PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8
- PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order
- PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order
- New dict 实现
- PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython
- PYTHONMALLOC environment variable
- DTrace and SystemTap probing support
- 其它语言变化
- 新模块
-
改进模块
- array
- ast
- asyncio
- binascii
- cmath
- collections
- concurrent.futures
- contextlib
- datetime
- decimal
- distutils
- encodings
- enum
- faulthandler
- fileinput
- hashlib
- http.client
- idlelib and IDLE
- importlib
- inspect
- json
- logging
- math
- multiprocessing
- os
- pathlib
- pdb
- pickle
- pickletools
- pydoc
- random
- re
- readline
- rlcompleter
- shlex
- site
- sqlite3
- socket
- socketserver
- ssl
- statistics
- struct
- subprocess
- sys
- telnetlib
- time
- timeit
- tkinter
- traceback
- tracemalloc
- typing
- unicodedata
- unittest.mock
- urllib.request
- urllib.robotparser
- venv
- warnings
- winreg
- winsound
- xmlrpc.client
- zipfile
- zlib
- 优化
- 构建和 C API 变化
- 其它改进
- 弃用
- 移除
- 移植到 Python 3.6
- Python 3.6.2 值得注意的变化
- Python 3.6.4 值得注意的变化
- Python 3.6.5 值得注意的变化
- Python 3.6.7 值得注意的变化
- Python 3.6.10 值得注意的变化
- Python 3.6.13 值得注意的变化
- Notable changes in Python 3.6.14
-
Python 3.5 的新功能
- 摘要 – 发行亮点
-
新特征
- PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax
- PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication
- PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations
- PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray
- PEP 484 - Type Hints
- PEP 471 - os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iterator
- PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR
- PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators
- PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality
- PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments
- PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files
- PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization
- 其它语言变化
- 新模块
-
改进模块
- argparse
- asyncio
- bz2
- cgi
- cmath
- code
- collections
- collections.abc
- compileall
- concurrent.futures
- configparser
- contextlib
- csv
- curses
- dbm
- difflib
- distutils
- doctest
- enum
- faulthandler
- functools
- glob
- gzip
- heapq
- http
- http.client
- idlelib and IDLE
- imaplib
- imghdr
- importlib
- inspect
- io
- ipaddress
- json
- linecache
- locale
- logging
- lzma
- math
- multiprocessing
- operator
- os
- pathlib
- pickle
- poplib
- re
- readline
- selectors
- shutil
- signal
- smtpd
- smtplib
- sndhdr
- socket
- ssl
- sqlite3
- subprocess
- sys
- sysconfig
- tarfile
- threading
- time
- timeit
- tkinter
- traceback
- 类型
- unicodedata
- unittest
- unittest.mock
- urllib
- wsgiref
- xmlrpc
- xml.sax
- zipfile
- 其它模块级变化
- 优化
- 构建和 C API 变化
- 弃用
- 移除
- 移植到 Python 3.5
- Python 3.5.4 值得注意的变化
-
Python 3.4 的新功能
- 摘要 – 发行亮点
- 新特征
- 新模块
-
改进模块
- abc
- aifc
- argparse
- audioop
- base64
- collections
- colorsys
- contextlib
- dbm
- dis
- doctest
- filecmp
- functools
- gc
- glob
- hashlib
- hmac
- html
- http
- idlelib and IDLE
- importlib
- inspect
- ipaddress
- logging
- marshal
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- operator
- os
- pdb
- pickle
- plistlib
- poplib
- pprint
- pty
- pydoc
- re
- resource
- select
- shelve
- shutil
- smtpd
- smtplib
- socket
- sqlite3
- ssl
- stat
- struct
- subprocess
- sunau
- sys
- tarfile
- textwrap
- threading
- traceback
- 类型
- urllib
- unittest
- venv
- wave
- weakref
- xml.etree
- zipfile
- CPython 实现变化
- 弃用
- 移除
- 移植到 Python 3.4
- 3.4.3 版改变
-
Python 3.3 的新功能
- 摘要 – 发行亮点
- PEP 405：虚拟环境
- PEP 420：隐式名称空间包
- PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation
- PEP 393: Flexible String Representation
- PEP 397: Python Launcher for Windows
- PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy
- PEP 380：用于委托给子生成器的句法
- PEP 409: Suppressing exception context
- PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals
- PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions
- PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary
- PEP 362: Function Signature Object
- PEP 421: Adding sys.implementation
- Using importlib as the Implementation of Import
- 其它语言变化
- A Finer-Grained Import Lock
- 内置函数和类型
- 新模块
-
改进模块
- abc
- array
- base64
- binascii
- bz2
- codecs
- collections
- contextlib
- crypt
- curses
- datetime
- decimal
- ftplib
- functools
- gc
- hmac
- http
- html
- imaplib
- inspect
- io
- itertools
- logging
- math
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- nntplib
- os
- pdb
- pickle
- pydoc
- re
- sched
- select
- shlex
- shutil
- signal
- smtpd
- smtplib
- socket
- socketserver
- sqlite3
- ssl
- stat
- struct
- subprocess
- sys
- tarfile
- tempfile
- textwrap
- threading
- time
- 类型
- unittest
- urllib
- webbrowser
- xml.etree.ElementTree
- zlib
- 优化
- 构建和 C API 变化
- 弃用
- 移植到 Python 3.3
-
Python 3.2 的新功能
- PEP 384：定义稳定 ABI
- PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Module
- PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging
-
PEP 3148: The
concurrent.futures模块 - PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories
- PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files
- PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1
- 其它语言变化
-
新的、改进的和弃用模块
- elementtree
- functools
- itertools
- collections
- threading
- datetime and time
- math
- abc
- io
- reprlib
- logging
- csv
- contextlib
- decimal and fractions
- ftp
- popen
- select
- gzip and zipfile
- tarfile
- hashlib
- ast
- os
- shutil
- sqlite3
- html
- socket
- ssl
- nntp
- certificates
- imaplib
- http.client
- unittest
- random
- poplib
- asyncore
- tempfile
- inspect
- pydoc
- dis
- dbm
- ctypes
- site
- sysconfig
- pdb
- configparser
- urllib.parse
- mailbox
- turtledemo
- 多线程
- 优化
- Unicode
- 编解码器
- 文档编制
- IDLE
- 代码存储库
- 构建和 C API 变化
- 移植到 Python 3.2
- Python 3.1 的新功能
- Python 3.0 的新功能
-
Python 2.7 的新功能
- Python 2.x 的未来
- Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings
- Python 3.1 特征
- PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections
- PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
- PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines
- PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging
- PEP 3106：字典视图
- PEP 3137：内存视图对象
- 其它语言变化
- 新的和改进模块
- 构建和 C API 变化
- 其它变化和修复
- 移植到 Python 2.7
-
New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases
- Two new environment variables for debug mode
- PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches
- PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7
- PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7
- PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients
- PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7
-
New
make regen-allbuild target -
Removal of
make touchbuild target
- 感谢
-
Python 2.6 的新功能
- Python 3.0
- Changes to the Development Process
- PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement
- PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module
-
PEP 370: Per-user
site-packages目录 -
PEP 371: The
multiprocessing包 - PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting
-
PEP 3105:
printAs a Function - PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes
- PEP 3112: Byte Literals
- PEP 3116: New I/O Library
- PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol
- PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes
- PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax
- PEP 3129: Class Decorators
- PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
- 其它语言变化
- 新的和改进模块
- 弃用和移除
- 构建和 C API 变化
- 移植到 Python 2.6
- 感谢
-
Python 2.5 的新功能
- PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
- PEP 309: Partial Function Application
- PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
- PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
- PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
- PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
- PEP 342: New Generator Features
- PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement
- PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
- PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
- PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method
- 其它语言变化
- New, Improved, and Removed Modules
- 构建和 C API 变化
- 移植到 Python 2.5
- 感谢
-
Python 2.4 的新功能
- PEP 218：内置集对象
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 289: Generator Expressions
- PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
- PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
- PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
- PEP 324: New subprocess Module
- PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
- PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
- PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
- 其它语言变化
- 新的、改进的和弃用模块
- 构建和 C API 变化
- 移植到 Python 2.4
- 感谢
-
Python 2.3 的新功能
- PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype
- PEP 255：简单生成器
- PEP 263：源代码编码
- PEP 273：从 ZIP 存档导入模块
- PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT
- PEP 278: Universal Newline Support
- PEP 279: enumerate()
- PEP 282: The logging Package
- PEP 285: A Boolean Type
- PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks
- PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils
- PEP 302: New Import Hooks
- PEP 305: Comma-separated Files
- PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements
- Extended Slices
- 其它语言变化
- 新的、改进的和弃用模块
- Pymalloc：专用对象分配器
- 构建和 C API 变化
- 其它变化和修复
- 移植到 Python 2.3
- 感谢
- Python 2.2 的新功能
-
Python 2.1 的新功能
- 介绍
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- PEP 236: __future__ Directives
- PEP 207: Rich Comparisons
- PEP 230: Warning Framework
- PEP 229: New Build System
- PEP 205: Weak References
- PEP 232: Function Attributes
- PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms
- PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook
- PEP 208: New Coercion Model
- PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages
- 新的和改进模块
- 其它变化和修复
- 感谢
- Python 2.0 的新功能
-
变更日志
- Python 3.13.1 final
- Python 3.13.0 final
- Python 3.13.0 release candidate 3
- Python 3.13.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.13.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.13.0 beta 4
- Python 3.13.0 beta 3
- Python 3.13.0 beta 2
- Python 3.13.0 beta 1
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.13.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.12.0 beta 1
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 7
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.12.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.11.0 beta 1
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 7
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.11.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.10.0 beta 1
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 7
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.10.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.9.0 beta 1
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 6
- Python 3.9.0 alpha 5
- Python 3.9.0 阿尔法 4 版
- Python 3.9.0 阿尔法 3 版
- Python 3.9.0 阿尔法 2 版
- Python 3.9.0 阿尔法 1 版
- Python 3.8.0 贝塔 1 版
- Python 3.8.0 阿尔法 4 版
- Python 3.8.0 阿尔法 3 版
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.8.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.7.0 final
- Python 3.7.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.7.0 beta 5
- Python 3.7.0 beta 4
- Python 3.7.0 beta 3
- Python 3.7.0 beta 2
- Python 3.7.0 beta 1
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.6.6 final
- Python 3.6.6 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.5 final
- Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.4 final
- Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.3 final
- Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.2 final
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.1 final
- Python 3.6.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 final
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 beta 4
- Python 3.6.0 beta 3
- Python 3.6.0 beta 2
- Python 3.6.0 beta 1
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.5.5 final
- Python 3.5.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.4 final
- Python 3.5.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.3 final
- Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.2 final
- Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.1 final
- Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 final
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 beta 4
- Python 3.5.0 beta 3
- Python 3.5.0 beta 2
- Python 3.5.0 beta 1
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 1
-
What’s New In Python 3.13
-
Python 教程
- 1. 刺激您的食欲
- 2. 使用 Python 解释器
- 3. Python 的非正式介绍
-
4. 更多控制流工具
-
4.1.
if语句 -
4.2.
for语句 -
4.3.
range()函数 -
4.4.
breakandcontinue语句 -
4.5.
else子句对于循环 -
4.6.
pass语句 -
4.7.
match语句 - 4.8. Defining Functions
- 4.9. More on Defining Functions
- 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style
-
4.1.
- 5. 数据结构
- 6. 模块
- 7. 输入和输出
- 8. 错误和异常
- 9. 类
- 10. 标准库简介
- 11. 标准库简介 — Part II
- 12. 虚拟环境和包
- 13. What Now?
- 14. 交互输入编辑和历史代入
- 15. Floating-Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations
- 16. 附录
-
设置和使用 Python
- 1. 命令行和环境
- 2. 在 Unix 平台使用 Python
-
3. 配置 Python
- 3.1. Build Requirements
- 3.2. Generated files
-
3.3. Configure Options
- 3.3.1. General Options
- 3.3.2. C compiler options
- 3.3.3. Linker options
- 3.3.4. Options for third-party dependencies
- 3.3.5. WebAssembly Options
- 3.3.6. Install Options
- 3.3.7. Performance options
- 3.3.8. Python Debug Build
- 3.3.9. Debug options
- 3.3.10. Linker options
- 3.3.11. Libraries options
- 3.3.12. Security Options
- 3.3.13. macOS Options
- 3.3.14. iOS Options
- 3.3.15. Cross Compiling Options
- 3.4. Python Build System
- 3.5. Compiler and linker flags
- 4.在 Windows 使用 Python
- 5. Using Python on macOS
- 6. Using Python on Android
- 7. Using Python on iOS
- 8. Editors and IDEs
-
Python 语言参考
- 1. 介绍
- 2. 词法分析
-
3. 数据模型
- 3.1. 对象、值及类型
-
3.2. 标准类型层次结构
- 3.2.1. None
- 3.2.2. NotImplemented
- 3.2.3. Ellipsis
-
3.2.4.
numbers.Number - 3.2.5. Sequences
- 3.2.6. Set types
- 3.2.7. Mappings
- 3.2.8. Callable types
- 3.2.9. Modules
- 3.2.10. Custom classes
- 3.2.11. Class instances
- 3.2.12. I/O objects (also known as file objects)
- 3.2.13. Internal types
-
3.3. 特殊方法名称
- 3.3.1. 基本定制
- 3.3.2. 定制属性访问
- 3.3.3. 定制类创建
- 3.3.4. 定制实例和子类校验
- 3.3.5. 模拟一般类型
- 3.3.6. 模拟可调用对象
- 3.3.7. 模拟容器类型
-
3.3.8. 模拟数值类型
-
__add__() -
__sub__() -
__mul__() -
__matmul__() -
__truediv__() -
__floordiv__() -
__mod__() -
__divmod__() -
__pow__() -
__lshift__() -
__rshift__() -
__and__() -
__xor__() -
__or__() -
__radd__() -
__rsub__() -
__rmul__() -
__rmatmul__() -
__rtruediv__() -
__rfloordiv__() -
__rmod__() -
__rdivmod__() -
__rpow__() -
__rlshift__() -
__rrshift__() -
__rand__() -
__rxor__() -
__ror__() -
__iadd__() -
__isub__() -
__imul__() -
__imatmul__() -
__itruediv__() -
__ifloordiv__() -
__imod__() -
__ipow__() -
__ilshift__() -
__irshift__() -
__iand__() -
__ixor__() -
__ior__() -
__neg__() -
__pos__() -
__abs__() -
__invert__() -
__complex__() -
__int__() -
__float__() -
__index__() -
__round__() -
__trunc__() -
__floor__() -
__ceil__()
-
- 3.3.9. with 语句上下文管理器
- 3.3.10. 定制类模式匹配中的位置自变量
- 3.3.11. Emulating buffer types
- 3.3.12. Special method lookup
- 3.4. 协程
- 4. 执行模型
- 5. 导入系统
- 6. 表达式
- 7. 简单语句
- 8. 复合语句
- 9. 顶层组件
- 10. 完整语法规范
-
Python 标准库
- 介绍
-
内置函数
-
abs() -
aiter() -
all() -
anext() -
any() -
ascii() -
bin() -
bool -
breakpoint() -
callable() -
chr() -
classmethod() -
compile() -
complex -
delattr() -
dir() -
divmod() -
enumerate() -
eval() -
exec() -
filter() -
float -
format() -
getattr() -
globals() -
hasattr() -
hash() -
help() -
hex() -
id() -
input() -
int -
isinstance() -
issubclass() -
iter() -
len() -
locals() -
map() -
max() -
min() -
next() -
object -
oct() -
open() -
ord() -
pow() -
print() -
property -
repr() -
reversed() -
round() -
setattr() -
slice -
sorted() -
staticmethod() -
sum() -
super -
type -
vars() -
zip() -
__import__()
-
- 内置常量
-
内置类型
- 真值测试
-
布尔运算 —
and,or,not - 比较
-
数值类型 —
int,float,complex -
Boolean Type -
bool - 迭代器类型
-
序列类型 —
list,tuple,range -
文本序列类型 —
str-
str -
字符串方法
-
capitalize() -
casefold() -
center() -
count() -
encode() -
endswith() -
expandtabs() -
find() -
format() -
format_map() -
index() -
isalnum() -
isalpha() -
isascii() -
isdecimal() -
isdigit() -
isidentifier() -
islower() -
isnumeric() -
isprintable() -
isspace() -
istitle() -
isupper() -
join() -
ljust() -
lower() -
lstrip() -
maketrans() -
partition() -
removeprefix() -
removesuffix() -
replace() -
rfind() -
rindex() -
rjust() -
rpartition() -
rsplit() -
rstrip() -
split() -
splitlines() -
startswith() -
strip() -
swapcase() -
title() -
translate() -
upper() -
zfill()
-
-
printf样式字符串格式化
-
-
二进制序列类型 —
bytes,bytearray,memoryview- bytes 对象
- bytearray 对象
-
bytes 和 bytearray 操作
-
count() -
count() -
removeprefix() -
removeprefix() -
removesuffix() -
removesuffix() -
decode() -
decode() -
endswith() -
endswith() -
find() -
find() -
index() -
index() -
join() -
join() -
maketrans() -
maketrans() -
partition() -
partition() -
replace() -
replace() -
rfind() -
rfind() -
rindex() -
rindex() -
rpartition() -
rpartition() -
startswith() -
startswith() -
translate() -
translate() -
center() -
center() -
ljust() -
ljust() -
lstrip() -
lstrip() -
rjust() -
rjust() -
rsplit() -
rsplit() -
rstrip() -
rstrip() -
split() -
split() -
strip() -
strip() -
capitalize() -
capitalize() -
expandtabs() -
expandtabs() -
isalnum() -
isalnum() -
isalpha() -
isalpha() -
isascii() -
isascii() -
isdigit() -
isdigit() -
islower() -
islower() -
isspace() -
isspace() -
istitle() -
istitle() -
isupper() -
isupper() -
lower() -
lower() -
splitlines() -
splitlines() -
swapcase() -
swapcase() -
title() -
title() -
upper() -
upper() -
zfill() -
zfill()
-
-
printf样式字节格式化 - 内存视图
-
集类型 —
set,frozenset -
映射类型 —
dict - 上下文管理器类型
- 类型注解类型 — 一般别名 , Union
- 其它内置类型
- 特殊属性
- 整数字符串转换长度局限性
-
内置异常
- 异常上下文
- 继承自内置异常
- 基类
-
具体异常
-
AssertionError -
AttributeError -
EOFError -
FloatingPointError -
GeneratorExit -
ImportError -
ModuleNotFoundError -
IndexError -
KeyError -
KeyboardInterrupt -
MemoryError -
NameError -
NotImplementedError -
OSError -
OverflowError -
PythonFinalizationError -
RecursionError -
ReferenceError -
RuntimeError -
StopIteration -
StopAsyncIteration -
SyntaxError -
IndentationError -
TabError -
SystemError -
SystemExit -
TypeError -
UnboundLocalError -
UnicodeError -
UnicodeEncodeError -
UnicodeDecodeError -
UnicodeTranslateError -
ValueError -
ZeroDivisionError -
EnvironmentError -
IOError -
WindowsError - OS 异常
-
- 警告
- 异常组
- 异常层次结构
-
文本处理服务
-
string— 常见字符串操作 -
re— 正则表达式运算 -
difflib— 增量计算帮手 -
textwrap— 文字换行和填充 -
unicodedata— Unicode 数据库 -
stringprep— 互联网字符串预备 -
readline— GNU readline 接口 -
rlcompleter— 用于 GNU readline 的补全函数
-
-
二进制数据服务
-
struct— 将字节解释成打包二进制数据 -
codecs— 编解码器注册和基类-
encode() -
decode() -
lookup() -
CodecInfo -
getencoder() -
getdecoder() -
getincrementalencoder() -
getincrementaldecoder() -
getreader() -
getwriter() -
register() -
unregister() -
open() -
EncodedFile() -
iterencode() -
iterdecode() -
BOM -
BOM_BE -
BOM_LE -
BOM_UTF8 -
BOM_UTF16 -
BOM_UTF16_BE -
BOM_UTF16_LE -
BOM_UTF32 -
BOM_UTF32_BE -
BOM_UTF32_LE - 编解码器基类
- 编码和 Unicode
- 标准编码
- Python 特定编码
-
encodings.idna— 应用程序中的国际化域名 -
encodings.mbcs— Windows ANSI 代码页 -
encodings.utf_8_sig— 具有 BOM (字节序标记) 签名的 UTF-8 编解码器
-
-
-
数据类型
-
datetime— 基本日期和时间类型- 感知和单纯对象
- 常量
- 可用类型
-
timedelta对象 -
date对象 -
datetime对象-
datetime -
today() -
now() -
utcnow() -
fromtimestamp() -
utcfromtimestamp() -
fromordinal() -
combine() -
fromisoformat() -
fromisocalendar() -
strptime() -
min -
max -
resolution -
year -
month -
day -
hour -
minute -
second -
microsecond -
tzinfo -
fold -
date() -
time() -
timetz() -
replace() -
astimezone() -
utcoffset() -
dst() -
tzname() -
timetuple() -
utctimetuple() -
toordinal() -
timestamp() -
weekday() -
isoweekday() -
isocalendar() -
isoformat() -
__str__() -
ctime() -
strftime() -
__format__() -
用法范例：
datetime
-
-
time对象 -
tzinfo对象 -
timezone对象 -
strftime()andstrptime()行为
-
zoneinfo— IANA 时区支持 -
calendar— 一般日历相关函数-
Calendar -
TextCalendar -
HTMLCalendar -
LocaleTextCalendar -
LocaleHTMLCalendar -
setfirstweekday() -
firstweekday() -
isleap() -
leapdays() -
weekday() -
weekheader() -
monthrange() -
monthcalendar() -
prmonth() -
month() -
prcal() -
calendar() -
timegm() -
day_name -
day_abbr -
MONDAY -
TUESDAY -
WEDNESDAY -
THURSDAY -
FRIDAY -
SATURDAY -
SUNDAY -
Day -
month_name -
month_abbr -
JANUARY -
FEBRUARY -
MARCH -
APRIL -
MAY -
JUNE -
JULY -
AUGUST -
SEPTEMBER -
OCTOBER -
NOVEMBER -
DECEMBER -
Month -
IllegalMonthError -
IllegalWeekdayError - 命令行用法
-
-
collections— 容器数据类型 -
collections.abc— 容器抽象基类 -
heapq— 堆队列算法 -
bisect— 数组二分算法 -
array— 高效数值数组 -
weakref— 弱引用 -
types— 动态类型的创建和内置类型的名称- 动态类型的创建
-
标准解释器类型
-
NoneType -
FunctionType -
LambdaType -
GeneratorType -
CoroutineType -
AsyncGeneratorType -
CodeType -
CellType -
MethodType -
BuiltinFunctionType -
BuiltinMethodType -
WrapperDescriptorType -
MethodWrapperType -
NotImplementedType -
MethodDescriptorType -
ClassMethodDescriptorType -
ModuleType -
EllipsisType -
GenericAlias -
UnionType -
TracebackType -
FrameType -
GetSetDescriptorType -
MemberDescriptorType -
MappingProxyType -
CapsuleType
-
- 额外实用类和函数
- 协程实用函数
-
copy— 浅拷贝和深拷贝操作 -
pprint— 数据美化打印机 -
reprlib— 替代repr()实现 -
enum— 支持枚举 -
graphlib— 采用像图形结构的操作功能
-
-
数值和数学模块
-
numbers— 数值抽象基类 -
math— 数学函数 -
cmath— 用于复数的数学函数 -
decimal— Decimal fixed-point and floating-point arithmetic- 快速入门教程
-
十进制对象
-
Decimal-
adjusted() -
as_integer_ratio() -
as_tuple() -
canonical() -
compare() -
compare_signal() -
compare_total() -
compare_total_mag() -
conjugate() -
copy_abs() -
copy_negate() -
copy_sign() -
exp() -
from_float() -
fma() -
is_canonical() -
is_finite() -
is_infinite() -
is_nan() -
is_normal() -
is_qnan() -
is_signed() -
is_snan() -
is_subnormal() -
is_zero() -
ln() -
log10() -
logb() -
logical_and() -
logical_invert() -
logical_or() -
logical_xor() -
max() -
max_mag() -
min() -
min_mag() -
next_minus() -
next_plus() -
next_toward() -
normalize() -
number_class() -
quantize() -
radix() -
remainder_near() -
rotate() -
same_quantum() -
scaleb() -
shift() -
sqrt() -
to_eng_string() -
to_integral() -
to_integral_exact() -
to_integral_value()
-
- 逻辑操作数
-
-
上下文对象
-
getcontext() -
setcontext() -
localcontext() -
BasicContext -
ExtendedContext -
DefaultContext -
Context-
clear_flags() -
clear_traps() -
copy() -
copy_decimal() -
create_decimal() -
create_decimal_from_float() -
Etiny() -
Etop() -
abs() -
add() -
canonical() -
compare() -
compare_signal() -
compare_total() -
compare_total_mag() -
copy_abs() -
copy_negate() -
copy_sign() -
divide() -
divide_int() -
divmod() -
exp() -
fma() -
is_canonical() -
is_finite() -
is_infinite() -
is_nan() -
is_normal() -
is_qnan() -
is_signed() -
is_snan() -
is_subnormal() -
is_zero() -
ln() -
log10() -
logb() -
logical_and() -
logical_invert() -
logical_or() -
logical_xor() -
max() -
max_mag() -
min() -
min_mag() -
minus() -
multiply() -
next_minus() -
next_plus() -
next_toward() -
normalize() -
number_class() -
plus() -
power() -
quantize() -
radix() -
remainder() -
remainder_near() -
rotate() -
same_quantum() -
scaleb() -
shift() -
sqrt() -
subtract() -
to_eng_string() -
to_integral_exact() -
to_sci_string()
-
-
- 常量
- 舍入模式
- 信号
- Floating-Point Notes
- 操控线程
- 配方
- 十进制 FAQ
-
fractions— 有理数 -
random— 生成伪随机数 -
statistics— 数学统计函数
-
-
函数式编程模块
-
itertools— 创建高效循环迭代器的函数 -
functools— 可调用对象的高阶函数和操作 -
operator— 作为函数的标准运算符-
lt() -
le() -
eq() -
ne() -
ge() -
gt() -
__lt__() -
__le__() -
__eq__() -
__ne__() -
__ge__() -
__gt__() -
not_() -
__not__() -
truth() -
is_() -
is_not() -
abs() -
__abs__() -
add() -
__add__() -
and_() -
__and__() -
floordiv() -
__floordiv__() -
index() -
__index__() -
inv() -
invert() -
__inv__() -
__invert__() -
lshift() -
__lshift__() -
mod() -
__mod__() -
mul() -
__mul__() -
matmul() -
__matmul__() -
neg() -
__neg__() -
or_() -
__or__() -
pos() -
__pos__() -
pow() -
__pow__() -
rshift() -
__rshift__() -
sub() -
__sub__() -
truediv() -
__truediv__() -
xor() -
__xor__() -
concat() -
__concat__() -
contains() -
__contains__() -
countOf() -
delitem() -
__delitem__() -
getitem() -
__getitem__() -
indexOf() -
setitem() -
__setitem__() -
length_hint() -
call() -
__call__() -
attrgetter() -
itemgetter() -
methodcaller() - 将运算符映射到函数
- 原位运算符
-
-
-
文件和目录访问
-
pathlib— 面向对象的文件系统路径- 基本用法
- 异常
- 纯路径
- 具体路径
- Pattern language
-
Comparison to the
glob模块 -
Comparison to the
osandos.path模块
-
os.path— 常见路径名操纵-
abspath() -
basename() -
commonpath() -
commonprefix() -
dirname() -
exists() -
lexists() -
expanduser() -
expandvars() -
getatime() -
getmtime() -
getctime() -
getsize() -
isabs() -
isfile() -
isdir() -
isjunction() -
islink() -
ismount() -
isdevdrive() -
isreserved() -
join() -
normcase() -
normpath() -
realpath() -
relpath() -
samefile() -
sameopenfile() -
samestat() -
split() -
splitdrive() -
splitroot() -
splitext() -
supports_unicode_filenames
-
-
fileinput— 遍历来自多个输入流的行 -
stat— 解释stat()结果-
S_ISDIR() -
S_ISCHR() -
S_ISBLK() -
S_ISREG() -
S_ISFIFO() -
S_ISLNK() -
S_ISSOCK() -
S_ISDOOR() -
S_ISPORT() -
S_ISWHT() -
S_IMODE() -
S_IFMT() -
filemode() -
ST_MODE -
ST_INO -
ST_DEV -
ST_NLINK -
ST_UID -
ST_GID -
ST_SIZE -
ST_ATIME -
ST_MTIME -
ST_CTIME -
S_IFSOCK -
S_IFLNK -
S_IFREG -
S_IFBLK -
S_IFDIR -
S_IFCHR -
S_IFIFO -
S_IFDOOR -
S_IFPORT -
S_IFWHT -
S_ISUID -
S_ISGID -
S_ISVTX -
S_IRWXU -
S_IRUSR -
S_IWUSR -
S_IXUSR -
S_IRWXG -
S_IRGRP -
S_IWGRP -
S_IXGRP -
S_IRWXO -
S_IROTH -
S_IWOTH -
S_IXOTH -
S_ENFMT -
S_IREAD -
S_IWRITE -
S_IEXEC -
UF_SETTABLE -
UF_NODUMP -
UF_IMMUTABLE -
UF_APPEND -
UF_OPAQUE -
UF_NOUNLINK -
UF_COMPRESSED -
UF_TRACKED -
UF_DATAVAULT -
UF_HIDDEN -
SF_SETTABLE -
SF_SUPPORTED -
SF_SYNTHETIC -
SF_ARCHIVED -
SF_IMMUTABLE -
SF_APPEND -
SF_RESTRICTED -
SF_NOUNLINK -
SF_SNAPSHOT -
SF_FIRMLINK -
SF_DATALESS -
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ARCHIVE -
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_COMPRESSED -
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DEVICE -
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY -
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ENCRYPTED -
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN -
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_INTEGRITY_STREAM -
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL -
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_CONTENT_INDEXED -
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SCRUB_DATA -
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_OFFLINE -
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY -
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT -
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SPARSE_FILE -
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEM -
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_TEMPORARY -
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_VIRTUAL -
IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK -
IO_REPARSE_TAG_MOUNT_POINT -
IO_REPARSE_TAG_APPEXECLINK
-
-
filecmp— 文件和目录比较 -
tempfile— 生成临时文件和目录 -
glob— Unix 风格路径名模式扩展 -
fnmatch— Unix 文件名模式匹配 -
linecache— 随机访问文本行 -
shutil— 高级文件操作
-
-
数据持久性
-
pickle— Python 对象序列化 -
copyreg— 注册pickle支持函数 -
shelve— Python 对象持久性 -
marshal— 内部 Python 对象序列化 -
dbm— Unix 数据库接口 -
sqlite3— SQLite 数据库的 DB-API 2.0 接口- 教程
-
参考
- Module functions
-
Module constants
-
LEGACY_TRANSACTION_CONTROL -
PARSE_COLNAMES -
PARSE_DECLTYPES -
SQLITE_OK -
SQLITE_DENY -
SQLITE_IGNORE -
apilevel -
paramstyle -
sqlite_version -
sqlite_version_info -
threadsafety -
version -
version_info -
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DEFENSIVE -
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DDL -
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DML -
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FKEY -
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FTS3_TOKENIZER -
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION -
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_QPSG -
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_TRIGGER -
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_VIEW -
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_ALTER_TABLE -
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_FILE_FORMAT -
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_NO_CKPT_ON_CLOSE -
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_RESET_DATABASE -
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRIGGER_EQP -
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRUSTED_SCHEMA -
SQLITE_DBCONFIG_WRITABLE_SCHEMA
-
-
Connection objects
-
Connection-
cursor() -
blobopen() -
commit() -
rollback() -
close() -
execute() -
executemany() -
executescript() -
create_function() -
create_aggregate() -
create_window_function() -
create_collation() -
interrupt() -
set_authorizer() -
set_progress_handler() -
set_trace_callback() -
enable_load_extension() -
load_extension() -
iterdump() -
backup() -
getlimit() -
setlimit() -
getconfig() -
setconfig() -
serialize() -
deserialize() -
autocommit -
in_transaction -
isolation_level -
row_factory -
text_factory -
total_changes
-
-
- Cursor objects
- Row objects
- Blob objects
- PrepareProtocol objects
- 异常
- SQLite 和 Python 类型
- Default adapters and converters (deprecated)
- Command-line interface
-
How-to guides
- How to use placeholders to bind values in SQL queries
- How to adapt custom Python types to SQLite values
- How to convert SQLite values to custom Python types
- Adapter and converter recipes
- How to use connection shortcut methods
- How to use the connection context manager
- How to work with SQLite URIs
- How to create and use row factories
- How to handle non-UTF-8 text encodings
- 解释
-
-
数据压缩和存档
-
zlib— 压缩兼容 gzip -
gzip— 支持 gzip 文件 -
bz2— 支持 bzip2 压缩 -
lzma— 压缩使用 LZMA 算法 -
zipfile— 操控 ZIP 存档 -
tarfile— 读写 tar 存档文件-
open() -
is_tarfile() -
TarError -
ReadError -
CompressionError -
StreamError -
ExtractError -
HeaderError -
FilterError -
AbsolutePathError -
OutsideDestinationError -
SpecialFileError -
AbsoluteLinkError -
LinkOutsideDestinationError -
ENCODING -
REGTYPE -
AREGTYPE -
LNKTYPE -
SYMTYPE -
CHRTYPE -
BLKTYPE -
DIRTYPE -
FIFOTYPE -
CONTTYPE -
GNUTYPE_LONGNAME -
GNUTYPE_LONGLINK -
GNUTYPE_SPARSE -
USTAR_FORMAT -
GNU_FORMAT -
PAX_FORMAT -
DEFAULT_FORMAT - TarFile 对象
- TarInfo 对象
- Extraction filters
- 命令行接口
- 范例
- 支持的 tar 格式
- Unicode 问题
-
-
- 文件格式
- 加密服务
-
一般操作系统服务
-
os— 杂项操作系统接口-
error -
name - 文件名、命令行自变量和环境变量
- Python UTF-8 模式
-
进程参数
-
ctermid() -
environ -
environb -
fsencode() -
fsdecode() -
fspath() -
PathLike -
getenv() -
getenvb() -
get_exec_path() -
getegid() -
geteuid() -
getgid() -
getgrouplist() -
getgroups() -
getlogin() -
getpgid() -
getpgrp() -
getpid() -
getppid() -
getpriority() -
PRIO_PROCESS -
PRIO_PGRP -
PRIO_USER -
PRIO_DARWIN_THREAD -
PRIO_DARWIN_PROCESS -
PRIO_DARWIN_BG -
PRIO_DARWIN_NONUI -
getresuid() -
getresgid() -
getuid() -
initgroups() -
putenv() -
setegid() -
seteuid() -
setgid() -
setgroups() -
setns() -
setpgrp() -
setpgid() -
setpriority() -
setregid() -
setresgid() -
setresuid() -
setreuid() -
getsid() -
setsid() -
setuid() -
strerror() -
supports_bytes_environ -
umask() -
uname() -
unsetenv() -
unshare() -
CLONE_FILES -
CLONE_FS -
CLONE_NEWCGROUP -
CLONE_NEWIPC -
CLONE_NEWNET -
CLONE_NEWNS -
CLONE_NEWPID -
CLONE_NEWTIME -
CLONE_NEWUSER -
CLONE_NEWUTS -
CLONE_SIGHAND -
CLONE_SYSVSEM -
CLONE_THREAD -
CLONE_VM
-
- 文件对象创建
-
文件描述符操作
-
close() -
closerange() -
copy_file_range() -
device_encoding() -
dup() -
dup2() -
fchmod() -
fchown() -
fdatasync() -
fpathconf() -
fstat() -
fstatvfs() -
fsync() -
ftruncate() -
get_blocking() -
grantpt() -
isatty() -
lockf() -
F_LOCK -
F_TLOCK -
F_ULOCK -
F_TEST -
login_tty() -
lseek() -
SEEK_SET -
SEEK_CUR -
SEEK_END -
SEEK_HOLE -
SEEK_DATA -
open() -
O_RDONLY -
O_WRONLY -
O_RDWR -
O_APPEND -
O_CREAT -
O_EXCL -
O_TRUNC -
O_DSYNC -
O_RSYNC -
O_SYNC -
O_NDELAY -
O_NONBLOCK -
O_NOCTTY -
O_CLOEXEC -
O_BINARY -
O_NOINHERIT -
O_SHORT_LIVED -
O_TEMPORARY -
O_RANDOM -
O_SEQUENTIAL -
O_TEXT -
O_EVTONLY -
O_FSYNC -
O_SYMLINK -
O_NOFOLLOW_ANY -
O_ASYNC -
O_DIRECT -
O_DIRECTORY -
O_NOFOLLOW -
O_NOATIME -
O_PATH -
O_TMPFILE -
O_SHLOCK -
O_EXLOCK -
openpty() -
pipe() -
pipe2() -
posix_fallocate() -
posix_fadvise() -
POSIX_FADV_NORMAL -
POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL -
POSIX_FADV_RANDOM -
POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE -
POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED -
POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED -
pread() -
posix_openpt() -
preadv() -
RWF_NOWAIT -
RWF_HIPRI -
ptsname() -
pwrite() -
pwritev() -
RWF_DSYNC -
RWF_SYNC -
RWF_APPEND -
read() -
sendfile() -
SF_NODISKIO -
SF_MNOWAIT -
SF_SYNC -
SF_NOCACHE -
set_blocking() -
splice() -
SPLICE_F_MOVE -
SPLICE_F_NONBLOCK -
SPLICE_F_MORE -
readv() -
tcgetpgrp() -
tcsetpgrp() -
ttyname() -
unlockpt() -
write() -
writev() - 查询终端的尺寸
- 文件描述符的继承
-
-
文件和目录
-
access() -
F_OK -
R_OK -
W_OK -
X_OK -
chdir() -
chflags() -
chmod() -
chown() -
chroot() -
fchdir() -
getcwd() -
getcwdb() -
lchflags() -
lchmod() -
lchown() -
link() -
listdir() -
listdrives() -
listmounts() -
listvolumes() -
lstat() -
mkdir() -
makedirs() -
mkfifo() -
mknod() -
major() -
minor() -
makedev() -
pathconf() -
pathconf_names -
readlink() -
remove() -
removedirs() -
rename() -
renames() -
replace() -
rmdir() -
scandir() -
DirEntry -
stat() -
stat_result -
statvfs() -
supports_dir_fd -
supports_effective_ids -
supports_fd -
supports_follow_symlinks -
symlink() -
sync() -
truncate() -
unlink() -
utime() -
walk() -
fwalk() -
memfd_create() -
MFD_CLOEXEC -
MFD_ALLOW_SEALING -
MFD_HUGETLB -
MFD_HUGE_SHIFT -
MFD_HUGE_MASK -
MFD_HUGE_64KB -
MFD_HUGE_512KB -
MFD_HUGE_1MB -
MFD_HUGE_2MB -
MFD_HUGE_8MB -
MFD_HUGE_16MB -
MFD_HUGE_32MB -
MFD_HUGE_256MB -
MFD_HUGE_512MB -
MFD_HUGE_1GB -
MFD_HUGE_2GB -
MFD_HUGE_16GB -
eventfd() -
eventfd_read() -
eventfd_write() -
EFD_CLOEXEC -
EFD_NONBLOCK -
EFD_SEMAPHORE - Timer File Descriptors
- Linux 扩展属性
-
-
进程管理
-
abort() -
add_dll_directory() -
execl() -
execle() -
execlp() -
execlpe() -
execv() -
execve() -
execvp() -
execvpe() -
_exit() -
EX_OK -
EX_USAGE -
EX_DATAERR -
EX_NOINPUT -
EX_NOUSER -
EX_NOHOST -
EX_UNAVAILABLE -
EX_SOFTWARE -
EX_OSERR -
EX_OSFILE -
EX_CANTCREAT -
EX_IOERR -
EX_TEMPFAIL -
EX_PROTOCOL -
EX_NOPERM -
EX_CONFIG -
EX_NOTFOUND -
fork() -
forkpty() -
kill() -
killpg() -
nice() -
pidfd_open() -
plock() -
popen() -
posix_spawn() -
posix_spawnp() -
register_at_fork() -
spawnl() -
spawnle() -
spawnlp() -
spawnlpe() -
spawnv() -
spawnve() -
spawnvp() -
spawnvpe() -
P_NOWAIT -
P_NOWAITO -
P_WAIT -
P_DETACH -
P_OVERLAY -
startfile() -
system() -
times() -
wait() -
waitid() -
waitpid() -
wait3() -
wait4() -
P_PID -
P_PGID -
P_ALL -
P_PIDFD -
WCONTINUED -
WEXITED -
WSTOPPED -
WUNTRACED -
WNOHANG -
WNOWAIT -
CLD_EXITED -
CLD_KILLED -
CLD_DUMPED -
CLD_TRAPPED -
CLD_STOPPED -
CLD_CONTINUED -
waitstatus_to_exitcode() -
WCOREDUMP() -
WIFCONTINUED() -
WIFSTOPPED() -
WIFSIGNALED() -
WIFEXITED() -
WEXITSTATUS() -
WSTOPSIG() -
WTERMSIG()
-
-
接口到调度器
-
SCHED_OTHER -
SCHED_BATCH -
SCHED_IDLE -
SCHED_SPORADIC -
SCHED_FIFO -
SCHED_RR -
SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK -
sched_param -
sched_get_priority_min() -
sched_get_priority_max() -
sched_setscheduler() -
sched_getscheduler() -
sched_setparam() -
sched_getparam() -
sched_rr_get_interval() -
sched_yield() -
sched_setaffinity() -
sched_getaffinity()
-
- 杂项系统信息
- 随机数
-
-
io— 用于操控流的核心工具 -
time— 时间的访问和转换-
函数
-
asctime() -
pthread_getcpuclockid() -
clock_getres() -
clock_gettime() -
clock_gettime_ns() -
clock_settime() -
clock_settime_ns() -
ctime() -
get_clock_info() -
gmtime() -
localtime() -
mktime() -
monotonic() -
monotonic_ns() -
perf_counter() -
perf_counter_ns() -
process_time() -
process_time_ns() -
sleep() -
strftime() -
strptime() -
struct_time -
time() -
time_ns() -
thread_time() -
thread_time_ns() -
tzset()
-
- 时钟 ID 常量
- 时区常量
-
函数
-
argparse— Parser for command-line options, arguments and subcommands -
logging— Python 日志设施 -
logging.config— 日志配置 -
logging.handlers— 日志处理程序 -
getpass— 便携式口令输入 -
curses— 用于字符单元显示的终端处理-
函数
-
error -
baudrate() -
beep() -
can_change_color() -
cbreak() -
color_content() -
color_pair() -
curs_set() -
def_prog_mode() -
def_shell_mode() -
delay_output() -
doupdate() -
echo() -
endwin() -
erasechar() -
filter() -
flash() -
flushinp() -
getmouse() -
getsyx() -
getwin() -
has_colors() -
has_extended_color_support() -
has_ic() -
has_il() -
has_key() -
halfdelay() -
init_color() -
init_pair() -
initscr() -
is_term_resized() -
isendwin() -
keyname() -
killchar() -
longname() -
meta() -
mouseinterval() -
mousemask() -
napms() -
newpad() -
newwin() -
nl() -
nocbreak() -
noecho() -
nonl() -
noqiflush() -
noraw() -
pair_content() -
pair_number() -
putp() -
qiflush() -
raw() -
reset_prog_mode() -
reset_shell_mode() -
resetty() -
resize_term() -
resizeterm() -
savetty() -
get_escdelay() -
set_escdelay() -
get_tabsize() -
set_tabsize() -
setsyx() -
setupterm() -
start_color() -
termattrs() -
termname() -
tigetflag() -
tigetnum() -
tigetstr() -
tparm() -
typeahead() -
unctrl() -
ungetch() -
update_lines_cols() -
unget_wch() -
ungetmouse() -
use_env() -
use_default_colors() -
wrapper()
-
-
Window Objects
-
addch() -
addnstr() -
addstr() -
attroff() -
attron() -
attrset() -
bkgd() -
bkgdset() -
border() -
box() -
chgat() -
clear() -
clearok() -
clrtobot() -
clrtoeol() -
cursyncup() -
delch() -
deleteln() -
derwin() -
echochar() -
enclose() -
encoding -
erase() -
getbegyx() -
getbkgd() -
getch() -
get_wch() -
getkey() -
getmaxyx() -
getparyx() -
getstr() -
getyx() -
hline() -
idcok() -
idlok() -
immedok() -
inch() -
insch() -
insdelln() -
insertln() -
insnstr() -
insstr() -
instr() -
is_linetouched() -
is_wintouched() -
keypad() -
leaveok() -
move() -
mvderwin() -
mvwin() -
nodelay() -
notimeout() -
noutrefresh() -
overlay() -
overwrite() -
putwin() -
redrawln() -
redrawwin() -
refresh() -
resize() -
scroll() -
scrollok() -
setscrreg() -
standend() -
standout() -
subpad() -
subwin() -
syncdown() -
syncok() -
syncup() -
timeout() -
touchline() -
touchwin() -
untouchwin() -
vline()
-
-
常量
-
ERR -
OK -
version -
__version__ -
ncurses_version -
COLORS -
COLOR_PAIRS -
COLS -
LINES -
A_ALTCHARSET -
A_BLINK -
A_BOLD -
A_DIM -
A_INVIS -
A_ITALIC -
A_NORMAL -
A_PROTECT -
A_REVERSE -
A_STANDOUT -
A_UNDERLINE -
A_HORIZONTAL -
A_LEFT -
A_LOW -
A_RIGHT -
A_TOP -
A_VERTICAL -
A_ATTRIBUTES -
A_CHARTEXT -
A_COLOR -
KEY_MIN -
KEY_BREAK -
KEY_DOWN -
KEY_UP -
KEY_LEFT -
KEY_RIGHT -
KEY_HOME -
KEY_BACKSPACE -
KEY_F0 -
KEY_Fn -
KEY_DL -
KEY_IL -
KEY_DC -
KEY_IC -
KEY_EIC -
KEY_CLEAR -
KEY_EOS -
KEY_EOL -
KEY_SF -
KEY_SR -
KEY_NPAGE -
KEY_PPAGE -
KEY_STAB -
KEY_CTAB -
KEY_CATAB -
KEY_ENTER -
KEY_SRESET -
KEY_RESET -
KEY_PRINT -
KEY_LL -
KEY_A1 -
KEY_A3 -
KEY_B2 -
KEY_C1 -
KEY_C3 -
KEY_BTAB -
KEY_BEG -
KEY_CANCEL -
KEY_CLOSE -
KEY_COMMAND -
KEY_COPY -
KEY_CREATE -
KEY_END -
KEY_EXIT -
KEY_FIND -
KEY_HELP -
KEY_MARK -
KEY_MESSAGE -
KEY_MOVE -
KEY_NEXT -
KEY_OPEN -
KEY_OPTIONS -
KEY_PREVIOUS -
KEY_REDO -
KEY_REFERENCE -
KEY_REFRESH -
KEY_REPLACE -
KEY_RESTART -
KEY_RESUME -
KEY_SAVE -
KEY_SBEG -
KEY_SCANCEL -
KEY_SCOMMAND -
KEY_SCOPY -
KEY_SCREATE -
KEY_SDC -
KEY_SDL -
KEY_SELECT -
KEY_SEND -
KEY_SEOL -
KEY_SEXIT -
KEY_SFIND -
KEY_SHELP -
KEY_SHOME -
KEY_SIC -
KEY_SLEFT -
KEY_SMESSAGE -
KEY_SMOVE -
KEY_SNEXT -
KEY_SOPTIONS -
KEY_SPREVIOUS -
KEY_SPRINT -
KEY_SREDO -
KEY_SREPLACE -
KEY_SRIGHT -
KEY_SRSUME -
KEY_SSAVE -
KEY_SSUSPEND -
KEY_SUNDO -
KEY_SUSPEND -
KEY_UNDO -
KEY_MOUSE -
KEY_RESIZE -
KEY_MAX -
ACS_BBSS -
ACS_BLOCK -
ACS_BOARD -
ACS_BSBS -
ACS_BSSB -
ACS_BSSS -
ACS_BTEE -
ACS_BULLET -
ACS_CKBOARD -
ACS_DARROW -
ACS_DEGREE -
ACS_DIAMOND -
ACS_GEQUAL -
ACS_HLINE -
ACS_LANTERN -
ACS_LARROW -
ACS_LEQUAL -
ACS_LLCORNER -
ACS_LRCORNER -
ACS_LTEE -
ACS_NEQUAL -
ACS_PI -
ACS_PLMINUS -
ACS_PLUS -
ACS_RARROW -
ACS_RTEE -
ACS_S1 -
ACS_S3 -
ACS_S7 -
ACS_S9 -
ACS_SBBS -
ACS_SBSB -
ACS_SBSS -
ACS_SSBB -
ACS_SSBS -
ACS_SSSB -
ACS_SSSS -
ACS_STERLING -
ACS_TTEE -
ACS_UARROW -
ACS_ULCORNER -
ACS_URCORNER -
ACS_VLINE -
BUTTONn_PRESSED -
BUTTONn_RELEASED -
BUTTONn_CLICKED -
BUTTONn_DOUBLE_CLICKED -
BUTTONn_TRIPLE_CLICKED -
BUTTON_SHIFT -
BUTTON_CTRL -
BUTTON_ALT -
COLOR_BLACK -
COLOR_BLUE -
COLOR_CYAN -
COLOR_GREEN -
COLOR_MAGENTA -
COLOR_RED -
COLOR_WHITE -
COLOR_YELLOW
-
-
函数
-
curses.textpad— 用于 Curses 程序的文本输入 Widget -
curses.ascii— 用于 ASCII 字符的实用程序-
NUL -
SOH -
STX -
ETX -
EOT -
ENQ -
ACK -
BEL -
BS -
TAB -
HT -
LF -
NL -
VT -
FF -
CR -
SO -
SI -
DLE -
DC1 -
DC2 -
DC3 -
DC4 -
NAK -
SYN -
ETB -
CAN -
EM -
SUB -
ESC -
FS -
GS -
RS -
US -
SP -
DEL -
isalnum() -
isalpha() -
isascii() -
isblank() -
iscntrl() -
isdigit() -
isgraph() -
islower() -
isprint() -
ispunct() -
isspace() -
isupper() -
isxdigit() -
isctrl() -
ismeta() -
ascii() -
ctrl() -
alt() -
unctrl() -
controlnames
-
-
curses.panel— 用于 Curses 的面板堆栈扩展 -
platform— 访问底层平台的标识数据 -
errno— 标准 errno 系统符号-
errorcode -
EPERM -
ENOENT -
ESRCH -
EINTR -
EIO -
ENXIO -
E2BIG -
ENOEXEC -
EBADF -
ECHILD -
EAGAIN -
ENOMEM -
EACCES -
EFAULT -
ENOTBLK -
EBUSY -
EEXIST -
EXDEV -
ENODEV -
ENOTDIR -
EISDIR -
EINVAL -
ENFILE -
EMFILE -
ENOTTY -
ETXTBSY -
EFBIG -
ENOSPC -
ESPIPE -
EROFS -
EMLINK -
EPIPE -
EDOM -
ERANGE -
EDEADLK -
ENAMETOOLONG -
ENOLCK -
ENOSYS -
ENOTEMPTY -
ELOOP -
EWOULDBLOCK -
ENOMSG -
EIDRM -
ECHRNG -
EL2NSYNC -
EL3HLT -
EL3RST -
ELNRNG -
EUNATCH -
ENOCSI -
EL2HLT -
EBADE -
EBADR -
EXFULL -
ENOANO -
EBADRQC -
EBADSLT -
EDEADLOCK -
EBFONT -
ENOSTR -
ENODATA -
ETIME -
ENOSR -
ENONET -
ENOPKG -
EREMOTE -
ENOLINK -
EADV -
ESRMNT -
ECOMM -
EPROTO -
EMULTIHOP -
EDOTDOT -
EBADMSG -
EOVERFLOW -
ENOTUNIQ -
EBADFD -
EREMCHG -
ELIBACC -
ELIBBAD -
ELIBSCN -
ELIBMAX -
ELIBEXEC -
EILSEQ -
ERESTART -
ESTRPIPE -
EUSERS -
ENOTSOCK -
EDESTADDRREQ -
EMSGSIZE -
EPROTOTYPE -
ENOPROTOOPT -
EPROTONOSUPPORT -
ESOCKTNOSUPPORT -
EOPNOTSUPP -
ENOTSUP -
EPFNOSUPPORT -
EAFNOSUPPORT -
EADDRINUSE -
EADDRNOTAVAIL -
ENETDOWN -
ENETUNREACH -
ENETRESET -
ECONNABORTED -
ECONNRESET -
ENOBUFS -
EISCONN -
ENOTCONN -
ESHUTDOWN -
ETOOMANYREFS -
ETIMEDOUT -
ECONNREFUSED -
EHOSTDOWN -
EHOSTUNREACH -
EALREADY -
EINPROGRESS -
ESTALE -
EUCLEAN -
ENOTNAM -
ENAVAIL -
EISNAM -
EREMOTEIO -
EDQUOT -
EQFULL -
ENOTCAPABLE -
ECANCELED -
EOWNERDEAD -
ENOTRECOVERABLE
-
-
ctypes— 用于 Python 的外来函数库- ctypes 教程
-
ctypes 参考
- 查找共享库
- 加载共享库
- 外来函数
- 函数原型
-
实用函数
-
addressof() -
alignment() -
byref() -
cast() -
create_string_buffer() -
create_unicode_buffer() -
DllCanUnloadNow() -
DllGetClassObject() -
find_library() -
find_msvcrt() -
FormatError() -
GetLastError() -
get_errno() -
get_last_error() -
memmove() -
memset() -
POINTER() -
pointer() -
resize() -
set_errno() -
set_last_error() -
sizeof() -
string_at() -
WinError() -
wstring_at()
-
- 数据类型
- 基础数据类型
- 结构化数据类型
- 数组和指针
-
-
并发执行
-
threading— 基于线程的并行-
active_count() -
current_thread() -
excepthook() -
__excepthook__ -
get_ident() -
get_native_id() -
enumerate() -
main_thread() -
settrace() -
settrace_all_threads() -
gettrace() -
setprofile() -
setprofile_all_threads() -
getprofile() -
stack_size() -
TIMEOUT_MAX - 线程局部数据
- 线程对象
- 锁对象
- RLock 对象
- 条件对象
- 信号量对象
- 事件对象
- 计时器对象
- 屏障对象
-
使用锁、条件和信号量在
with语句
-
-
multiprocessing— 基于进程的并行 -
multiprocessing.shared_memory— 用于跨进程直接访问的共享内存 -
The
concurrent包 -
concurrent.futures— 发起并行任务 -
subprocess— 子进程管理-
使用
subprocess模块 - 安全注意事项
- Popen 对象
-
Windows Popen 帮手
-
STARTUPINFO -
Windows 常量
-
STD_INPUT_HANDLE -
STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE -
STD_ERROR_HANDLE -
SW_HIDE -
STARTF_USESTDHANDLES -
STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW -
STARTF_FORCEONFEEDBACK -
STARTF_FORCEOFFFEEDBACK -
CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE -
CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP -
ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS -
BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS -
HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS -
IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS -
NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS -
REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS -
CREATE_NO_WINDOW -
DETACHED_PROCESS -
CREATE_DEFAULT_ERROR_MODE -
CREATE_BREAKAWAY_FROM_JOB
-
-
- 较旧的高级 API
-
替换旧函数采用
subprocess模块 - 传统 Shell 援引函数
- 注意事项
-
使用
-
sched— 事件调度器 -
queue— 同步队列类 -
contextvars— 上下文变量 -
_thread— 低级线程 API
-
-
网络和进程间通信
-
asyncio— 异步 I/O- 运行器
- 协程和任务
- 流
- 同步原语
- 子进程
- 队列
- 异常
- 事件循环
- 未来
- 传输和协议
- 策略
- 平台支持
- 延伸
- 高级 API 索引
- 低级 API 索引
- 采用 asyncio 开发
-
socket— 低级网络接口- 套接字系列
-
模块内容
- 异常
-
常量
-
AF_UNIX -
AF_INET -
AF_INET6 -
AF_UNSPEC -
SOCK_STREAM -
SOCK_DGRAM -
SOCK_RAW -
SOCK_RDM -
SOCK_SEQPACKET -
SOCK_CLOEXEC -
SOCK_NONBLOCK -
SOMAXCONN -
AF_CAN -
PF_CAN -
CAN_BCM -
CAN_RAW_FD_FRAMES -
CAN_RAW_JOIN_FILTERS -
CAN_ISOTP -
CAN_J1939 -
AF_DIVERT -
PF_DIVERT -
AF_PACKET -
PF_PACKET -
ETH_P_ALL -
AF_RDS -
PF_RDS -
SOL_RDS -
SIO_RCVALL -
SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS -
SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH -
AF_ALG -
SOL_ALG -
AF_VSOCK -
IOCTL_VM_SOCKETS_GET_LOCAL_CID -
AF_LINK -
has_ipv6 -
BDADDR_ANY -
BDADDR_LOCAL -
HCI_FILTER -
HCI_TIME_STAMP -
HCI_DATA_DIR -
AF_QIPCRTR -
SCM_CREDS2 -
LOCAL_CREDS -
LOCAL_CREDS_PERSISTENT -
SO_INCOMING_CPU -
AF_HYPERV -
HV_PROTOCOL_RAW -
HVSOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUT -
HVSOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MAX -
HVSOCKET_CONNECTED_SUSPEND -
HVSOCKET_ADDRESS_FLAG_PASSTHRU -
HV_GUID_ZERO -
HV_GUID_WILDCARD -
HV_GUID_BROADCAST -
HV_GUID_CHILDREN -
HV_GUID_LOOPBACK -
HV_GUID_PARENT -
ETHERTYPE_ARP -
ETHERTYPE_IP -
ETHERTYPE_IPV6 -
ETHERTYPE_VLAN -
SHUT_RD -
SHUT_WR -
SHUT_RDWR
-
-
函数
- 创建套接字
-
其它函数
-
close() -
getaddrinfo() -
getfqdn() -
gethostbyname() -
gethostbyname_ex() -
gethostname() -
gethostbyaddr() -
getnameinfo() -
getprotobyname() -
getservbyname() -
getservbyport() -
ntohl() -
ntohs() -
htonl() -
htons() -
inet_aton() -
inet_ntoa() -
inet_pton() -
inet_ntop() -
CMSG_LEN() -
CMSG_SPACE() -
getdefaulttimeout() -
setdefaulttimeout() -
sethostname() -
if_nameindex() -
if_nametoindex() -
if_indextoname() -
send_fds() -
recv_fds()
-
-
套接字对象
-
accept() -
bind() -
close() -
connect() -
connect_ex() -
detach() -
dup() -
fileno() -
get_inheritable() -
getpeername() -
getsockname() -
getsockopt() -
getblocking() -
gettimeout() -
ioctl() -
listen() -
makefile() -
recv() -
recvfrom() -
recvmsg() -
recvmsg_into() -
recvfrom_into() -
recv_into() -
send() -
sendall() -
sendto() -
sendmsg() -
sendmsg_afalg() -
sendfile() -
set_inheritable() -
setblocking() -
settimeout() -
setsockopt() -
shutdown() -
share() -
family -
type -
proto
-
- 关于套接字超时的注意事项
- 范例
-
ssl— 套接字对象的 TLS/SSL 包裹器-
函数、常量和异常
- 套接字创建
- 上下文创建
- 异常
- 随机生成
- 证书处理
-
常量
-
CERT_NONE -
CERT_OPTIONAL -
CERT_REQUIRED -
VerifyMode -
VERIFY_DEFAULT -
VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_LEAF -
VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_CHAIN -
VERIFY_X509_STRICT -
VERIFY_ALLOW_PROXY_CERTS -
VERIFY_X509_TRUSTED_FIRST -
VERIFY_X509_PARTIAL_CHAIN -
VerifyFlags -
PROTOCOL_TLS -
PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT -
PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER -
PROTOCOL_SSLv23 -
PROTOCOL_SSLv3 -
PROTOCOL_TLSv1 -
PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1 -
PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2 -
OP_ALL -
OP_NO_SSLv2 -
OP_NO_SSLv3 -
OP_NO_TLSv1 -
OP_NO_TLSv1_1 -
OP_NO_TLSv1_2 -
OP_NO_TLSv1_3 -
OP_NO_RENEGOTIATION -
OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE -
OP_SINGLE_DH_USE -
OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE -
OP_ENABLE_MIDDLEBOX_COMPAT -
OP_NO_COMPRESSION -
Options -
OP_NO_TICKET -
OP_IGNORE_UNEXPECTED_EOF -
OP_ENABLE_KTLS -
OP_LEGACY_SERVER_CONNECT -
HAS_ALPN -
HAS_NEVER_CHECK_COMMON_NAME -
HAS_ECDH -
HAS_SNI -
HAS_NPN -
HAS_SSLv2 -
HAS_SSLv3 -
HAS_TLSv1 -
HAS_TLSv1_1 -
HAS_TLSv1_2 -
HAS_TLSv1_3 -
HAS_PSK -
CHANNEL_BINDING_TYPES -
OPENSSL_VERSION -
OPENSSL_VERSION_INFO -
OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER -
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_HANDSHAKE_FAILURE -
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_INTERNAL_ERROR -
AlertDescription -
SERVER_AUTH -
CLIENT_AUTH -
SSLErrorNumber -
TLSVersion -
MINIMUM_SUPPORTED -
MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED -
SSLv3 -
TLSv1 -
TLSv1_1 -
TLSv1_2 -
TLSv1_3
-
-
SSL 套接字
-
SSLSocket -
read() -
write() -
do_handshake() -
getpeercert() -
get_verified_chain() -
get_unverified_chain() -
cipher() -
shared_ciphers() -
compression() -
get_channel_binding() -
selected_alpn_protocol() -
selected_npn_protocol() -
unwrap() -
verify_client_post_handshake() -
version() -
pending() -
context -
server_side -
server_hostname -
session -
session_reused
-
-
SSL 上下文
-
SSLContext -
cert_store_stats() -
load_cert_chain() -
load_default_certs() -
load_verify_locations() -
get_ca_certs() -
get_ciphers() -
set_default_verify_paths() -
set_ciphers() -
set_alpn_protocols() -
set_npn_protocols() -
sni_callback -
set_servername_callback -
load_dh_params() -
set_ecdh_curve() -
wrap_socket() -
sslsocket_class -
wrap_bio() -
sslobject_class -
session_stats() -
check_hostname -
keylog_filename -
maximum_version -
minimum_version -
num_tickets -
options -
post_handshake_auth -
protocol -
hostname_checks_common_name -
security_level -
verify_flags -
verify_mode -
set_psk_client_callback() -
set_psk_server_callback()
-
- 证书
- 范例
- 关于非阻塞套接字的注意事项
- 内存 BIO 支持
- SSL (安全套接字层) 会话
- 安全注意事项
- TLS 1.3
-
函数、常量和异常
-
select— 等待 I/O 完成 -
selectors— 高级 I/O 复用 -
signal— 为异步事件设置处理程序- 一般规则
-
模块内容
-
Signals -
Handlers -
Sigmasks -
SIG_DFL -
SIG_IGN -
SIGABRT -
SIGALRM -
SIGBREAK -
SIGBUS -
SIGCHLD -
SIGCLD -
SIGCONT -
SIGFPE -
SIGHUP -
SIGILL -
SIGINT -
SIGKILL -
SIGPIPE -
SIGSEGV -
SIGSTKFLT -
SIGTERM -
SIGUSR1 -
SIGUSR2 -
SIGWINCH -
CTRL_C_EVENT -
CTRL_BREAK_EVENT -
NSIG -
ITIMER_REAL -
ITIMER_VIRTUAL -
ITIMER_PROF -
SIG_BLOCK -
SIG_UNBLOCK -
SIG_SETMASK -
ItimerError -
alarm() -
getsignal() -
strsignal() -
valid_signals() -
pause() -
raise_signal() -
pidfd_send_signal() -
pthread_kill() -
pthread_sigmask() -
setitimer() -
getitimer() -
set_wakeup_fd() -
siginterrupt() -
signal() -
sigpending() -
sigwait() -
sigwaitinfo() -
sigtimedwait()
-
- 范例
- 有关 SIGPIPE 的注意事项
- 有关信号处理程序和异常的注意事项
-
mmap— 内存映射文件支持-
mmap -
close() -
closed -
find() -
flush() -
madvise() -
move() -
read() -
read_byte() -
readline() -
resize() -
rfind() -
seek() -
seekable() -
size() -
tell() -
write() -
write_byte() -
MADV_* 常量
-
MADV_NORMAL -
MADV_RANDOM -
MADV_SEQUENTIAL -
MADV_WILLNEED -
MADV_DONTNEED -
MADV_REMOVE -
MADV_DONTFORK -
MADV_DOFORK -
MADV_HWPOISON -
MADV_MERGEABLE -
MADV_UNMERGEABLE -
MADV_SOFT_OFFLINE -
MADV_HUGEPAGE -
MADV_NOHUGEPAGE -
MADV_DONTDUMP -
MADV_DODUMP -
MADV_FREE -
MADV_NOSYNC -
MADV_AUTOSYNC -
MADV_NOCORE -
MADV_CORE -
MADV_PROTECT -
MADV_FREE_REUSABLE -
MADV_FREE_REUSE
-
- MAP_* Constants
-
-
-
互联网数据处理
-
email— Email 和 MIME 处理包-
email.message：表示 Email 消息-
EmailMessage-
as_string() -
__str__() -
as_bytes() -
__bytes__() -
is_multipart() -
set_unixfrom() -
get_unixfrom() -
__len__() -
__contains__() -
__getitem__() -
__setitem__() -
__delitem__() -
keys() -
values() -
items() -
get() -
get_all() -
add_header() -
replace_header() -
get_content_type() -
get_content_maintype() -
get_content_subtype() -
get_default_type() -
set_default_type() -
set_param() -
del_param() -
get_filename() -
get_boundary() -
set_boundary() -
get_content_charset() -
get_charsets() -
is_attachment() -
get_content_disposition() -
walk() -
get_body() -
iter_attachments() -
iter_parts() -
get_content() -
set_content() -
make_related() -
make_alternative() -
make_mixed() -
add_related() -
add_alternative() -
add_attachment() -
clear() -
clear_content() -
preamble -
epilogue -
defects
-
-
MIMEPart
-
-
email.parser: 剖析 Email 消息 -
email.generator: 生成 MIME 文档 -
email.policy：策略对象 -
email.errors：异常和缺陷类 -
email.headerregistry: 自定义头对象 -
email.contentmanager：管理 MIME 内容 -
email：范例 -
email.message.Message：表示 Email 消息使用compat32API-
Message-
as_string() -
__str__() -
as_bytes() -
__bytes__() -
is_multipart() -
set_unixfrom() -
get_unixfrom() -
attach() -
get_payload() -
set_payload() -
set_charset() -
get_charset() -
__len__() -
__contains__() -
__getitem__() -
__setitem__() -
__delitem__() -
keys() -
values() -
items() -
get() -
get_all() -
add_header() -
replace_header() -
get_content_type() -
get_content_maintype() -
get_content_subtype() -
get_default_type() -
set_default_type() -
get_params() -
get_param() -
set_param() -
del_param() -
set_type() -
get_filename() -
get_boundary() -
set_boundary() -
get_content_charset() -
get_charsets() -
get_content_disposition() -
walk() -
preamble -
epilogue -
defects
-
-
-
email.mime: 从新创建 Email 和 MIME 对象 -
email.header：国际化头 -
email.charset：表示字符集 -
email.encoders：编码器 -
email.utils：杂项实用程序 -
email.iterators：迭代器
-
-
json— JSON 编码器和解码器 -
mailbox— 以各种格式操纵邮箱 -
mimetypes— 将文件名映射到 MIME 类型 -
base64— Base16、Base32、Base64、Base85 数据编码-
b64encode() -
b64decode() -
standard_b64encode() -
standard_b64decode() -
urlsafe_b64encode() -
urlsafe_b64decode() -
b32encode() -
b32decode() -
b32hexencode() -
b32hexdecode() -
b16encode() -
b16decode() -
a85encode() -
a85decode() -
b85encode() -
b85decode() -
z85encode() -
z85decode() -
decode() -
decodebytes() -
encode() -
encodebytes() - 安全注意事项
-
-
binascii— 在二进制和 ASCII 之间转换 -
quopri— 编码和解码 MIME 带引号可打印数据
-
-
结构化标记处理工具
-
html— HTML (超文本标记语言) 支持 -
html.parser— 简单 HTML 和 XHTML 剖析器 -
html.entities— HTML 一般实体的定义 - XML 处理模块
-
xml.etree.ElementTree— ElementTree XML API -
xml.dom— DOM (文档对象模型) API -
xml.dom.minidom— 最小 DOM (文档对象模型) 实现 -
xml.dom.pulldom— 支持构建部分 DOM (文档对象模型) 树 -
xml.sax— 支持 SAX2 剖析器 -
xml.sax.handler— 用于 SAX 处理程序的基类-
ContentHandler -
DTDHandler -
EntityResolver -
ErrorHandler -
LexicalHandler -
feature_namespaces -
feature_namespace_prefixes -
feature_string_interning -
feature_validation -
feature_external_ges -
feature_external_pes -
all_features -
property_lexical_handler -
property_declaration_handler -
property_dom_node -
property_xml_string -
all_properties - ContentHandler 对象
- DTDHandler 对象
- EntityResolver 对象
- ErrorHandler 对象
- LexicalHandler Objects
-
-
xml.sax.saxutils— SAX 实用程序 -
xml.sax.xmlreader— 用于 XML 剖析器的接口 -
xml.parsers.expat— 使用 Expat 快速剖析 XML-
ExpatError -
error -
XMLParserType -
ErrorString() -
ParserCreate() -
XMLParser 对象
-
Parse() -
ParseFile() -
SetBase() -
GetBase() -
GetInputContext() -
ExternalEntityParserCreate() -
SetParamEntityParsing() -
UseForeignDTD() -
SetReparseDeferralEnabled() -
GetReparseDeferralEnabled() -
buffer_size -
buffer_text -
buffer_used -
ordered_attributes -
specified_attributes -
ErrorByteIndex -
ErrorCode -
ErrorColumnNumber -
ErrorLineNumber -
CurrentByteIndex -
CurrentColumnNumber -
CurrentLineNumber -
XmlDeclHandler() -
StartDoctypeDeclHandler() -
EndDoctypeDeclHandler() -
ElementDeclHandler() -
AttlistDeclHandler() -
StartElementHandler() -
EndElementHandler() -
ProcessingInstructionHandler() -
CharacterDataHandler() -
UnparsedEntityDeclHandler() -
EntityDeclHandler() -
NotationDeclHandler() -
StartNamespaceDeclHandler() -
EndNamespaceDeclHandler() -
CommentHandler() -
StartCdataSectionHandler() -
EndCdataSectionHandler() -
DefaultHandler() -
DefaultHandlerExpand() -
NotStandaloneHandler() -
ExternalEntityRefHandler()
-
- ExpatError 异常
- 范例
- 内容模型描述
-
Expat error constants
-
codes -
messages -
XML_ERROR_ASYNC_ENTITY -
XML_ERROR_ATTRIBUTE_EXTERNAL_ENTITY_REF -
XML_ERROR_BAD_CHAR_REF -
XML_ERROR_BINARY_ENTITY_REF -
XML_ERROR_DUPLICATE_ATTRIBUTE -
XML_ERROR_INCORRECT_ENCODING -
XML_ERROR_INVALID_TOKEN -
XML_ERROR_JUNK_AFTER_DOC_ELEMENT -
XML_ERROR_MISPLACED_XML_PI -
XML_ERROR_NO_ELEMENTS -
XML_ERROR_NO_MEMORY -
XML_ERROR_PARAM_ENTITY_REF -
XML_ERROR_PARTIAL_CHAR -
XML_ERROR_RECURSIVE_ENTITY_REF -
XML_ERROR_SYNTAX -
XML_ERROR_TAG_MISMATCH -
XML_ERROR_UNCLOSED_TOKEN -
XML_ERROR_UNDEFINED_ENTITY -
XML_ERROR_UNKNOWN_ENCODING -
XML_ERROR_UNCLOSED_CDATA_SECTION -
XML_ERROR_EXTERNAL_ENTITY_HANDLING -
XML_ERROR_NOT_STANDALONE -
XML_ERROR_UNEXPECTED_STATE -
XML_ERROR_ENTITY_DECLARED_IN_PE -
XML_ERROR_FEATURE_REQUIRES_XML_DTD -
XML_ERROR_CANT_CHANGE_FEATURE_ONCE_PARSING -
XML_ERROR_UNBOUND_PREFIX -
XML_ERROR_UNDECLARING_PREFIX -
XML_ERROR_INCOMPLETE_PE -
XML_ERROR_XML_DECL -
XML_ERROR_TEXT_DECL -
XML_ERROR_PUBLICID -
XML_ERROR_SUSPENDED -
XML_ERROR_NOT_SUSPENDED -
XML_ERROR_ABORTED -
XML_ERROR_FINISHED -
XML_ERROR_SUSPEND_PE -
XML_ERROR_RESERVED_PREFIX_XML -
XML_ERROR_RESERVED_PREFIX_XMLNS -
XML_ERROR_RESERVED_NAMESPACE_URI -
XML_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT -
XML_ERROR_NO_BUFFER -
XML_ERROR_AMPLIFICATION_LIMIT_BREACH
-
-
-
-
互联网协议和支持
-
webbrowser— 方便的 Web 浏览器控制器 -
wsgiref— WSGI 实用程序和参考实现-
wsgiref.util– WSGI 环境实用程序 -
wsgiref.headers– WSGI 响应头工具 -
wsgiref.simple_server– 简单 WSGI HTTP 服务器 -
wsgiref.validate— WSGI 一致性检查器 -
wsgiref.handlers– 服务器/网关基类-
CGIHandler -
IISCGIHandler -
BaseCGIHandler -
SimpleHandler -
BaseHandler-
run() -
_write() -
_flush() -
get_stdin() -
get_stderr() -
add_cgi_vars() -
wsgi_multithread -
wsgi_multiprocess -
wsgi_run_once -
os_environ -
server_software -
get_scheme() -
setup_environ() -
log_exception() -
traceback_limit -
error_output() -
error_status -
error_headers -
error_body -
wsgi_file_wrapper -
sendfile() -
origin_server -
http_version
-
-
read_environ()
-
-
wsgiref.types– 用于静态类型校验的 WSGI 类型 - 范例
-
-
urllib— URL 处理模块 -
urllib.request— 用于打开 URL 的可扩展库-
urlopen() -
install_opener() -
build_opener() -
pathname2url() -
url2pathname() -
getproxies() -
Request -
OpenerDirector -
BaseHandler -
HTTPDefaultErrorHandler -
HTTPRedirectHandler -
HTTPCookieProcessor -
ProxyHandler -
HTTPPasswordMgr -
HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm -
HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth -
AbstractBasicAuthHandler -
HTTPBasicAuthHandler -
ProxyBasicAuthHandler -
AbstractDigestAuthHandler -
HTTPDigestAuthHandler -
ProxyDigestAuthHandler -
HTTPHandler -
HTTPSHandler -
FileHandler -
DataHandler -
FTPHandler -
CacheFTPHandler -
UnknownHandler -
HTTPErrorProcessor - Request 对象
- OpenerDirector 对象
- BaseHandler 对象
- HTTPRedirectHandler 对象
- HTTPCookieProcessor 对象
- ProxyHandler 对象
- HTTPPasswordMgr 对象
- HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth 对象
- AbstractBasicAuthHandler 对象
- HTTPBasicAuthHandler 对象
- ProxyBasicAuthHandler 对象
- AbstractDigestAuthHandler 对象
- HTTPDigestAuthHandler 对象
- ProxyDigestAuthHandler 对象
- HTTPHandler 对象
- HTTPSHandler 对象
- FileHandler 对象
- DataHandler 对象
- FTPHandler 对象
- CacheFTPHandler 对象
- UnknownHandler 对象
- HTTPErrorProcessor 对象
- 范例
- 传统接口
-
urllib.request限定
-
-
urllib.response— 用于 urllib 的响应类 -
urllib.parse— 将 URL 剖析成组件 -
urllib.error— 由 urllib.request 引发的异常类 -
urllib.robotparser— robots.txt 剖析器 -
http— HTTP 模块 -
http.client— HTTP 协议客户端-
HTTPConnection -
HTTPSConnection -
HTTPResponse -
parse_headers() -
HTTPException -
NotConnected -
InvalidURL -
UnknownProtocol -
UnknownTransferEncoding -
UnimplementedFileMode -
IncompleteRead -
ImproperConnectionState -
CannotSendRequest -
CannotSendHeader -
ResponseNotReady -
BadStatusLine -
LineTooLong -
RemoteDisconnected -
HTTP_PORT -
HTTPS_PORT -
responses - HTTPConnection 对象
- HTTPResponse 对象
- 范例
- HTTPMessage 对象
-
-
ftplib— FTP (文件传输协议) 客户端 -
poplib— POP3 协议客户端 -
imaplib— IMAP4 协议客户端-
IMAP4 -
error -
abort -
readonly -
IMAP4_SSL -
IMAP4_stream -
Internaldate2tuple() -
Int2AP() -
ParseFlags() -
Time2Internaldate() -
IMAP4 对象
-
append() -
authenticate() -
check() -
close() -
copy() -
create() -
delete() -
deleteacl() -
enable() -
expunge() -
fetch() -
getacl() -
getannotation() -
getquota() -
getquotaroot() -
list() -
login() -
login_cram_md5() -
logout() -
lsub() -
myrights() -
namespace() -
noop() -
open() -
partial() -
proxyauth() -
read() -
readline() -
recent() -
rename() -
response() -
search() -
select() -
send() -
setacl() -
setannotation() -
setquota() -
shutdown() -
socket() -
sort() -
starttls() -
status() -
store() -
subscribe() -
thread() -
uid() -
unsubscribe() -
unselect() -
xatom() -
PROTOCOL_VERSION -
debug -
utf8_enabled
-
- IMAP4 范例
-
-
smtplib— SMTP (简单邮件传输协议) 客户端 -
uuid— UUID 对象根据 RFC 4122-
SafeUUID -
UUID -
bytes -
bytes_le -
fields -
time_low -
time_mid -
time_hi_version -
clock_seq_hi_variant -
clock_seq_low -
node -
time -
clock_seq -
hex -
int -
urn -
variant -
version -
is_safe -
getnode() -
uuid1() -
uuid3() -
uuid4() -
uuid5() -
NAMESPACE_DNS -
NAMESPACE_URL -
NAMESPACE_OID -
NAMESPACE_X500 -
RESERVED_NCS -
RFC_4122 -
RESERVED_MICROSOFT -
RESERVED_FUTURE - 命令行用法
- 范例
- Command-Line Example
-
-
socketserver— 网络服务器框架-
TCPServer -
UDPServer -
UnixStreamServer -
UnixDatagramServer - 服务器创建注意事项
-
服务器对象
-
BaseServer-
fileno() -
handle_request() -
serve_forever() -
service_actions() -
shutdown() -
server_close() -
address_family -
RequestHandlerClass -
server_address -
socket -
allow_reuse_address -
request_queue_size -
socket_type -
timeout -
finish_request() -
get_request() -
handle_error() -
handle_timeout() -
process_request() -
server_activate() -
server_bind() -
verify_request()
-
-
- 请求处理程序对象
- 范例
-
-
http.server— HTTP 服务器-
HTTPServer -
ThreadingHTTPServer -
BaseHTTPRequestHandler-
client_address -
server -
close_connection -
requestline -
command -
path -
request_version -
headers -
rfile -
wfile -
server_version -
sys_version -
error_message_format -
error_content_type -
protocol_version -
MessageClass -
responses -
handle() -
handle_one_request() -
handle_expect_100() -
send_error() -
send_response() -
send_header() -
send_response_only() -
end_headers() -
flush_headers() -
log_request() -
log_error() -
log_message() -
version_string() -
date_time_string() -
log_date_time_string() -
address_string()
-
-
SimpleHTTPRequestHandler -
CGIHTTPRequestHandler - 安全注意事项
-
-
http.cookies— HTTP 状态管理 -
http.cookiejar— 用于 HTTP 客户端的 Cookie 处理-
LoadError -
CookieJar -
FileCookieJar -
CookiePolicy -
DefaultCookiePolicy -
Cookie - CookieJar 和 FileCookieJar 对象
- FileCookieJar 子类和与 Web 浏览器合作
- CookiePolicy 对象
-
DefaultCookiePolicy 对象
-
blocked_domains() -
set_blocked_domains() -
is_blocked() -
allowed_domains() -
set_allowed_domains() -
is_not_allowed() -
rfc2109_as_netscape -
strict_domain -
strict_rfc2965_unverifiable -
strict_ns_unverifiable -
strict_ns_domain -
strict_ns_set_initial_dollar -
strict_ns_set_path -
DomainStrictNoDots -
DomainStrictNonDomain -
DomainRFC2965Match -
DomainLiberal -
DomainStrict
-
- Cookie 对象
- 范例
-
-
xmlrpc— XMLRPC 服务器和客户端模块 -
xmlrpc.client— XML-RPC 客户端访问 -
xmlrpc.server— 基本 XML-RPC 服务器 -
ipaddress— IPv4/IPv6 操纵库- 方便工厂函数
- IP 地址
-
IP 网络定义
- 前缀、网络掩码和主机掩码
-
网络对象
-
IPv4Network-
version -
max_prefixlen -
is_multicast -
is_private -
is_unspecified -
is_reserved -
is_loopback -
is_link_local -
network_address -
broadcast_address -
hostmask -
netmask -
with_prefixlen -
compressed -
exploded -
with_netmask -
with_hostmask -
num_addresses -
prefixlen -
hosts() -
overlaps() -
address_exclude() -
subnets() -
supernet() -
subnet_of() -
supernet_of() -
compare_networks()
-
-
IPv6Network-
version -
max_prefixlen -
is_multicast -
is_private -
is_unspecified -
is_reserved -
is_loopback -
is_link_local -
network_address -
broadcast_address -
hostmask -
netmask -
with_prefixlen -
compressed -
exploded -
with_netmask -
with_hostmask -
num_addresses -
prefixlen -
hosts() -
overlaps() -
address_exclude() -
subnets() -
supernet() -
subnet_of() -
supernet_of() -
compare_networks() -
is_site_local
-
-
- 运算符
- 接口对象
- 其它模块级函数
- 自定义异常
-
- 多媒体服务
-
国际化
-
gettext— 多语言国际化服务 -
locale— 国际化服务-
Error -
setlocale() -
localeconv() -
nl_langinfo()-
CODESET -
D_T_FMT -
D_FMT -
T_FMT -
T_FMT_AMPM -
DAY_1 -
DAY_2 -
DAY_3 -
DAY_4 -
DAY_5 -
DAY_6 -
DAY_7 -
ABDAY_1 -
ABDAY_2 -
ABDAY_3 -
ABDAY_4 -
ABDAY_5 -
ABDAY_6 -
ABDAY_7 -
MON_1 -
MON_2 -
MON_3 -
MON_4 -
MON_5 -
MON_6 -
MON_7 -
MON_8 -
MON_9 -
MON_10 -
MON_11 -
MON_12 -
ABMON_1 -
ABMON_2 -
ABMON_3 -
ABMON_4 -
ABMON_5 -
ABMON_6 -
ABMON_7 -
ABMON_8 -
ABMON_9 -
ABMON_10 -
ABMON_11 -
ABMON_12 -
RADIXCHAR -
THOUSEP -
YESEXPR -
NOEXPR -
CRNCYSTR -
ERA -
ERA_D_T_FMT -
ERA_D_FMT -
ERA_T_FMT -
ALT_DIGITS
-
-
getdefaultlocale() -
getlocale() -
getpreferredencoding() -
getencoding() -
normalize() -
strcoll() -
strxfrm() -
format_string() -
currency() -
str() -
delocalize() -
localize() -
atof() -
atoi() -
LC_CTYPE -
LC_COLLATE -
LC_TIME -
LC_MONETARY -
LC_MESSAGES -
LC_NUMERIC -
LC_ALL -
CHAR_MAX - 背景、细节、提示、技巧和告诫
- 用于嵌入 Python 的扩展写入器和程序
- 访问消息分类
-
-
-
程序框架
-
turtle— Turtle 图形- 介绍
- Get started
- 教程
- How to…
- Turtle graphics reference
- Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions
- Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions
- Public classes
- 解释
- Help and configuration
-
turtledemo— Demo scripts - 从 Python 2.6 起的变化
- 从 Python 3.0 起的变化
-
cmd— 支持面向行的命令解释器 -
shlex— 简单的词法分析
-
-
采用 Tk 的图形用户界面
-
tkinter— 到 Tcl/Tk 的 Python 接口 -
tkinter.colorchooser— 颜色选取对话框 -
tkinter.font— Tkinter 字体包裹器 -
Tkinter 对话框
-
tkinter.simpledialog— Standard Tkinter input dialogs -
tkinter.filedialog— File selection dialogs -
tkinter.commondialog— Dialog window templates
-
-
tkinter.messagebox— Tkinter 消息提示 -
tkinter.scrolledtext— 卷动文本 Widget -
tkinter.dnd— 拖放支持 -
tkinter.ttk— Tk 主题 Widget- Using Ttk
- Ttk Widgets
- Widget
- Combobox
- Spinbox
- Notebook
- Progressbar
- Separator
- Sizegrip
-
Treeview
- 选项
- Item Options
- Tag Options
- Column Identifiers
- Virtual Events
-
ttk.Treeview
-
Treeview-
bbox() -
get_children() -
set_children() -
column() -
delete() -
detach() -
exists() -
focus() -
heading() -
identify() -
identify_row() -
identify_column() -
identify_region() -
identify_element() -
index() -
insert() -
item() -
move() -
next() -
parent() -
prev() -
reattach() -
see() -
selection() -
selection_set() -
selection_add() -
selection_remove() -
selection_toggle() -
set() -
tag_bind() -
tag_configure() -
tag_has() -
xview() -
yview()
-
-
- Ttk Styling
- IDLE
-
-
开发工具
-
typing— 支持类型提示- Specification for the Python Type System
- 类型别名
- NewType
- Annotating callable objects
- 一般
- Annotating tuples
- The type of class objects
- Annotating generators and coroutines
- 用户定义一般类型
-
The
Anytype - 名义 vs 结构子类型
-
模块内容
- 特殊 typing 原语
- 协议
- ABCs for working with IO
- 函数和装饰器
- 自省帮手
- 常量
- Deprecated aliases
- 主要特征弃用时间线
-
pydoc— 文档编制生成器和在线帮助系统 - Python 开发模式
-
doctest— 测试交互 Python 范例- 简单用法：校验 docstring (文档字符串) 中的范例
- 简单用法：校验文本文件中的范例
- 它如何工作
- 基本 API
- Unittest API
- 高级 API
- 调试
- Soapbox
-
unittest— 单元测试框架- 基本范例
- 命令行接口
- 测试探索
- 组织测试代码
- 重用旧测试代码
- Skipping tests and expected failures
- Distinguishing test iterations using subtests
-
类和函数
-
Test cases
-
TestCase-
setUp() -
tearDown() -
setUpClass() -
tearDownClass() -
run() -
skipTest() -
subTest() -
debug() -
assertEqual() -
assertNotEqual() -
assertTrue() -
assertFalse() -
assertIs() -
assertIsNot() -
assertIsNone() -
assertIsNotNone() -
assertIn() -
assertNotIn() -
assertIsInstance() -
assertNotIsInstance() -
assertRaises() -
assertRaisesRegex() -
assertWarns() -
assertWarnsRegex() -
assertLogs() -
assertNoLogs() -
assertAlmostEqual() -
assertNotAlmostEqual() -
assertGreater() -
assertGreaterEqual() -
assertLess() -
assertLessEqual() -
assertRegex() -
assertNotRegex() -
assertCountEqual() -
addTypeEqualityFunc() -
assertMultiLineEqual() -
assertSequenceEqual() -
assertListEqual() -
assertTupleEqual() -
assertSetEqual() -
assertDictEqual() -
fail() -
failureException -
longMessage -
maxDiff -
countTestCases() -
defaultTestResult() -
id() -
shortDescription() -
addCleanup() -
enterContext() -
doCleanups() -
addClassCleanup() -
enterClassContext() -
doClassCleanups()
-
-
IsolatedAsyncioTestCase -
FunctionTestCase
-
- Grouping tests
-
Loading and running tests
-
TestLoader -
TestResult-
errors -
failures -
skipped -
expectedFailures -
unexpectedSuccesses -
collectedDurations -
shouldStop -
testsRun -
buffer -
failfast -
tb_locals -
wasSuccessful() -
stop() -
startTest() -
stopTest() -
startTestRun() -
stopTestRun() -
addError() -
addFailure() -
addSuccess() -
addSkip() -
addExpectedFailure() -
addUnexpectedSuccess() -
addSubTest() -
addDuration()
-
-
TextTestResult -
defaultTestLoader -
TextTestRunner -
main() - load_tests Protocol
-
-
Test cases
- Class and Module Fixtures
- 信号处理
-
unittest.mock— 仿造对象库- Quick Guide
-
The Mock Class
-
Mock-
assert_called() -
assert_called_once() -
assert_called_with() -
assert_called_once_with() -
assert_any_call() -
assert_has_calls() -
assert_not_called() -
reset_mock() -
mock_add_spec() -
attach_mock() -
configure_mock() -
__dir__() -
_get_child_mock() -
called -
call_count -
return_value -
side_effect -
call_args -
call_args_list -
method_calls -
mock_calls -
__class__
-
-
NonCallableMock -
PropertyMock -
AsyncMock -
ThreadingMock - 调用
- Deleting Attributes
- Mock names and the name attribute
- Attaching Mocks as Attributes
-
- The patchers
- MagicMock and magic method support
- 帮手
-
Order of precedence of
side_effect,return_valueand wraps
-
unittest.mock— 快速入门-
Using Mock
- Mock Patching Methods
- Mock for Method Calls on an Object
- Mocking Classes
- Naming your mocks
- 追踪所有调用
- Setting Return Values and Attributes
- Raising exceptions with mocks
- Side effect functions and iterables
- Mocking asynchronous iterators
- Mocking asynchronous context manager
- Creating a Mock from an Existing Object
- Using side_effect to return per file content
- 补丁装饰器
-
Further Examples
- Mocking chained calls
- Partial mocking
- Mocking a Generator Method
- Applying the same patch to every test method
- Mocking Unbound Methods
- Checking multiple calls with mock
- Coping with mutable arguments
- 嵌套补丁
- Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock
- Mock subclasses and their attributes
- Mocking imports with patch.dict
- Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions
- More complex argument matching
-
Using Mock
-
test— 用于 Python 的回归测试包 -
test.support— 用于 Python 测试套件的实用程序-
TestFailed -
ResourceDenied -
verbose -
is_jython -
is_android -
unix_shell -
LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT -
INTERNET_TIMEOUT -
SHORT_TIMEOUT -
LONG_TIMEOUT -
PGO -
PIPE_MAX_SIZE -
Py_DEBUG -
SOCK_MAX_SIZE -
TEST_SUPPORT_DIR -
TEST_HOME_DIR -
TEST_DATA_DIR -
MAX_Py_ssize_t -
max_memuse -
real_max_memuse -
MISSING_C_DOCSTRINGS -
HAVE_DOCSTRINGS -
TEST_HTTP_URL -
ALWAYS_EQ -
NEVER_EQ -
LARGEST -
SMALLEST -
busy_retry() -
sleeping_retry() -
is_resource_enabled() -
python_is_optimized() -
with_pymalloc() -
requires() -
sortdict() -
findfile() -
get_pagesize() -
setswitchinterval() -
check_impl_detail() -
set_memlimit() -
record_original_stdout() -
get_original_stdout() -
args_from_interpreter_flags() -
optim_args_from_interpreter_flags() -
captured_stdin() -
captured_stdout() -
captured_stderr() -
disable_faulthandler() -
gc_collect() -
disable_gc() -
swap_attr() -
swap_item() -
flush_std_streams() -
print_warning() -
wait_process() -
calcobjsize() -
calcvobjsize() -
checksizeof() -
anticipate_failure() -
system_must_validate_cert() -
run_with_locale() -
run_with_tz() -
requires_freebsd_version() -
requires_linux_version() -
requires_mac_version() -
requires_gil_enabled() -
requires_IEEE_754() -
requires_zlib() -
requires_gzip() -
requires_bz2() -
requires_lzma() -
requires_resource() -
requires_docstrings() -
requires_limited_api() -
cpython_only() -
impl_detail() -
no_tracing() -
refcount_test() -
bigmemtest() -
bigaddrspacetest() -
check_syntax_error() -
open_urlresource() -
reap_children() -
get_attribute() -
catch_unraisable_exception() -
load_package_tests() -
detect_api_mismatch() -
patch() -
run_in_subinterp() -
check_free_after_iterating() -
missing_compiler_executable() -
check__all__() -
skip_if_broken_multiprocessing_synchronize() -
check_disallow_instantiation() -
adjust_int_max_str_digits() -
SuppressCrashReport -
SaveSignals -
Matcher
-
-
test.support.socket_helper— 用于套接字测试的实用程序 -
test.support.script_helper— 用于 Python 执行测试的实用程序 -
test.support.bytecode_helper— 用于测试正确字节码生成的支持工具 -
test.support.threading_helper— 用于线程测试的实用程序 -
test.support.os_helper— 用于 OS 测试的实用程序-
FS_NONASCII -
SAVEDCWD -
TESTFN -
TESTFN_NONASCII -
TESTFN_UNENCODABLE -
TESTFN_UNDECODABLE -
TESTFN_UNICODE -
EnvironmentVarGuard -
FakePath -
set() -
unset() -
can_symlink() -
can_xattr() -
change_cwd() -
create_empty_file() -
fd_count() -
fs_is_case_insensitive() -
make_bad_fd() -
rmdir() -
rmtree() -
skip_unless_symlink() -
skip_unless_xattr() -
temp_cwd() -
temp_dir() -
temp_umask() -
unlink()
-
-
test.support.import_helper— 用于导入测试的实用程序 -
test.support.warnings_helper— 用于警告测试的实用程序
-
-
调试和剖分析
- 审计事件表
-
bdb— 调试器框架-
BdbQuit -
Breakpoint -
Bdb-
canonic() -
reset() -
trace_dispatch() -
dispatch_line() -
dispatch_call() -
dispatch_return() -
dispatch_exception() -
is_skipped_line() -
stop_here() -
break_here() -
break_anywhere() -
user_call() -
user_line() -
user_return() -
user_exception() -
do_clear() -
set_step() -
set_next() -
set_return() -
set_until() -
set_trace() -
set_continue() -
set_quit() -
set_break() -
clear_break() -
clear_bpbynumber() -
clear_all_file_breaks() -
clear_all_breaks() -
get_bpbynumber() -
get_break() -
get_breaks() -
get_file_breaks() -
get_all_breaks() -
get_stack() -
format_stack_entry() -
run() -
runeval() -
runctx() -
runcall()
-
-
checkfuncname() -
effective() -
set_trace()
-
-
faulthandler— 转储 Python 回溯 -
pdb— Python 调试器 - Python 剖分析器
-
timeit— 度量小代码片段的执行时间 -
trace— 跟踪或追踪 Python 语句的执行 -
tracemalloc— 跟踪内存分配
- 软件打包和分发
-
Python 运行时服务
-
sys— 特定系统参数和函数-
abiflags -
addaudithook() -
argv -
audit() -
base_exec_prefix -
base_prefix -
byteorder -
builtin_module_names -
call_tracing() -
copyright -
_clear_type_cache() -
_clear_internal_caches() -
_current_frames() -
_current_exceptions() -
breakpointhook() -
_debugmallocstats() -
dllhandle -
displayhook() -
dont_write_bytecode -
_emscripten_info -
pycache_prefix -
excepthook() -
__breakpointhook__ -
__displayhook__ -
__excepthook__ -
__unraisablehook__ -
exception() -
exc_info() -
exec_prefix -
executable -
exit() -
flags -
float_info -
float_repr_style -
getallocatedblocks() -
getunicodeinternedsize() -
getandroidapilevel() -
getdefaultencoding() -
getdlopenflags() -
getfilesystemencoding() -
getfilesystemencodeerrors() -
get_int_max_str_digits() -
getrefcount() -
getrecursionlimit() -
getsizeof() -
getswitchinterval() -
_getframe() -
_getframemodulename() -
getobjects() -
getprofile() -
gettrace() -
getwindowsversion() -
get_asyncgen_hooks() -
get_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth() -
hash_info -
hexversion -
implementation -
int_info -
__interactivehook__ -
intern() -
_is_gil_enabled() -
is_finalizing() -
last_exc -
_is_interned() -
last_type -
last_value -
last_traceback -
maxsize -
maxunicode -
meta_path -
modules -
orig_argv -
path -
path_hooks -
path_importer_cache -
platform -
platlibdir -
prefix -
ps1 -
ps2 -
setdlopenflags() -
set_int_max_str_digits() -
setprofile() -
setrecursionlimit() -
setswitchinterval() -
settrace() -
set_asyncgen_hooks() -
set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth() -
activate_stack_trampoline() -
deactivate_stack_trampoline() -
is_stack_trampoline_active() -
_enablelegacywindowsfsencoding() -
stdin -
stdout -
stderr -
__stdin__ -
__stdout__ -
__stderr__ -
stdlib_module_names -
thread_info -
tracebacklimit -
unraisablehook() -
version -
api_version -
version_info -
warnoptions -
winver -
_xoptions
-
-
sys.monitoring— 执行事件监视 -
sysconfig— 提供对 Python 配置信息的访问 -
builtins— 内置对象 -
__main__— 顶层代码环境 -
warnings— 警告控制 -
dataclasses— 数据类 -
contextlib— 实用程序为with语句上下文 -
abc— 抽象基类 -
atexit— 退出处理程序 -
traceback— 打印或检索堆栈回溯 -
__future__— 未来的语句定义 -
gc— 垃圾收集器接口-
enable() -
disable() -
isenabled() -
collect() -
set_debug() -
get_debug() -
get_objects() -
get_stats() -
set_threshold() -
get_count() -
get_threshold() -
get_referrers() -
get_referents() -
is_tracked() -
is_finalized() -
freeze() -
unfreeze() -
get_freeze_count() -
garbage -
callbacks -
DEBUG_STATS -
DEBUG_COLLECTABLE -
DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE -
DEBUG_SAVEALL -
DEBUG_LEAK
-
-
inspect— 审查存活对象-
类型和成员
-
getmembers() -
getmembers_static() -
getmodulename() -
ismodule() -
isclass() -
ismethod() -
isfunction() -
isgeneratorfunction() -
isgenerator() -
iscoroutinefunction() -
markcoroutinefunction() -
iscoroutine() -
isawaitable() -
isasyncgenfunction() -
isasyncgen() -
istraceback() -
isframe() -
iscode() -
isbuiltin() -
ismethodwrapper() -
isroutine() -
isabstract() -
ismethoddescriptor() -
isdatadescriptor() -
isgetsetdescriptor() -
ismemberdescriptor()
-
- 检索源代码
- 采用签名对象自省可调用
- 类和函数
- 解释器堆栈
- 静态抓取属性
- Current State of Generators, Coroutines, and Asynchronous Generators
- 代码对象位标志
- Buffer flags
- 命令行接口
-
类型和成员
-
site— 特定站点配置挂钩
-
- 自定义 Python 解释器
-
导入模块
-
zipimport— 导入模块从 Zip 存档 -
pkgutil— 包扩展实用程序 -
modulefinder— 查找用于脚本的模块 -
runpy— 定位和执行 Python 模块 -
importlib— 实现为import- 介绍
- 函数
-
importlib.abc– 导入相关 ABC (抽象基类) -
importlib.machinery– 导入器和路径挂钩-
SOURCE_SUFFIXES -
DEBUG_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES -
OPTIMIZED_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES -
BYTECODE_SUFFIXES -
EXTENSION_SUFFIXES -
all_suffixes() -
BuiltinImporter -
FrozenImporter -
WindowsRegistryFinder -
PathFinder -
FileFinder -
SourceFileLoader -
SourcelessFileLoader -
ExtensionFileLoader -
NamespaceLoader -
ModuleSpec -
AppleFrameworkLoader
-
-
importlib.util– 用于导入器的实用程序代码 - 范例
-
importlib.resources– Package resource reading, opening and access -
importlib.resources.abc– 用于资源的抽象基类 -
importlib.metadata– Accessing package metadata -
初始化
sys.path模块搜索路径
-
-
Python 语言服务
-
ast— 抽象句法树 -
symtable— 访问编译器的符号表 -
token— 用于 Python 剖析树的常量-
tok_name -
ISTERMINAL() -
ISNONTERMINAL() -
ISEOF() -
ENDMARKER -
NAME -
NUMBER -
STRING -
NEWLINE -
INDENT -
DEDENT -
LPAR -
RPAR -
LSQB -
RSQB -
COLON -
COMMA -
SEMI -
PLUS -
MINUS -
STAR -
SLASH -
VBAR -
AMPER -
LESS -
GREATER -
EQUAL -
DOT -
PERCENT -
LBRACE -
RBRACE -
EQEQUAL -
NOTEQUAL -
LESSEQUAL -
GREATEREQUAL -
TILDE -
CIRCUMFLEX -
LEFTSHIFT -
RIGHTSHIFT -
DOUBLESTAR -
PLUSEQUAL -
MINEQUAL -
STAREQUAL -
SLASHEQUAL -
PERCENTEQUAL -
AMPEREQUAL -
VBAREQUAL -
CIRCUMFLEXEQUAL -
LEFTSHIFTEQUAL -
RIGHTSHIFTEQUAL -
DOUBLESTAREQUAL -
DOUBLESLASH -
DOUBLESLASHEQUAL -
AT -
ATEQUAL -
RARROW -
ELLIPSIS -
COLONEQUAL -
EXCLAMATION -
OP -
TYPE_IGNORE -
TYPE_COMMENT -
SOFT_KEYWORD -
FSTRING_START -
FSTRING_MIDDLE -
FSTRING_END -
COMMENT -
NL -
ERRORTOKEN -
N_TOKENS -
NT_OFFSET -
ENCODING -
EXACT_TOKEN_TYPES
-
-
keyword— 测试 Python 关键词 -
tokenize— 用于 Python 源代码的 Tokenizer -
tabnanny— 歧义缩进的检测 -
pyclbr— Python 模块浏览支持 -
py_compile— 编译 Python 源文件 -
compileall— 字节编译 Python 库 -
dis— Python 字节码的反汇编程序 -
pickletools— 用于腌制开发者的工具
-
-
MS Windows 特定服务
-
msvcrt– 来自 MS VC++ 运行时的有用例程- 文件操作
- 控制台 I/O
-
其它函数
-
heapmin() -
set_error_mode() -
OUT_TO_DEFAULT -
OUT_TO_STDERR -
OUT_TO_MSGBOX -
REPORT_ERRMODE -
CrtSetReportMode() -
CrtSetReportFile() -
CRT_WARN -
CRT_ERROR -
CRT_ASSERT -
CRTDBG_MODE_DEBUG -
CRTDBG_MODE_FILE -
CRTDBG_MODE_WNDW -
CRTDBG_REPORT_MODE -
CRT_ASSEMBLY_VERSION -
VC_ASSEMBLY_PUBLICKEYTOKEN -
LIBRARIES_ASSEMBLY_NAME_PREFIX
-
-
winreg— Windows 注册表访问-
函数
-
CloseKey() -
ConnectRegistry() -
CreateKey() -
CreateKeyEx() -
DeleteKey() -
DeleteKeyEx() -
DeleteValue() -
EnumKey() -
EnumValue() -
ExpandEnvironmentStrings() -
FlushKey() -
LoadKey() -
OpenKey() -
OpenKeyEx() -
QueryInfoKey() -
QueryValue() -
QueryValueEx() -
SaveKey() -
SetValue() -
SetValueEx() -
DisableReflectionKey() -
EnableReflectionKey() -
QueryReflectionKey()
-
- 常量
- 注册表句柄对象
-
函数
-
winsound— Windows 声音播放接口
-
-
Unix 特定服务
-
posix— 最常见的 POSIX 系统调用 -
pwd— 口令数据库 -
grp— 组数据库 -
termios— POSIX 样式 tty 控制 -
tty— 终端控制函数 -
pty— 伪终端实用程序 -
fcntl—fcntlandioctl系统调用 -
resource— 资源使用信息-
error -
资源限制
-
RLIM_INFINITY -
getrlimit() -
setrlimit() -
prlimit() -
RLIMIT_CORE -
RLIMIT_CPU -
RLIMIT_FSIZE -
RLIMIT_DATA -
RLIMIT_STACK -
RLIMIT_RSS -
RLIMIT_NPROC -
RLIMIT_NOFILE -
RLIMIT_OFILE -
RLIMIT_MEMLOCK -
RLIMIT_VMEM -
RLIMIT_AS -
RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE -
RLIMIT_NICE -
RLIMIT_RTPRIO -
RLIMIT_RTTIME -
RLIMIT_SIGPENDING -
RLIMIT_SBSIZE -
RLIMIT_SWAP -
RLIMIT_NPTS -
RLIMIT_KQUEUES
-
- 资源使用情况
-
-
syslog— Unix syslog 库例程-
syslog() -
openlog() -
closelog() -
setlogmask() -
LOG_EMERG -
LOG_ALERT -
LOG_CRIT -
LOG_ERR -
LOG_WARNING -
LOG_NOTICE -
LOG_INFO -
LOG_DEBUG -
LOG_AUTH -
LOG_AUTHPRIV -
LOG_CRON -
LOG_DAEMON -
LOG_FTP -
LOG_INSTALL -
LOG_KERN -
LOG_LAUNCHD -
LOG_LPR -
LOG_MAIL -
LOG_NETINFO -
LOG_NEWS -
LOG_RAS -
LOG_REMOTEAUTH -
LOG_SYSLOG -
LOG_USER -
LOG_UUCP -
LOG_LOCAL0 -
LOG_LOCAL1 -
LOG_LOCAL2 -
LOG_LOCAL3 -
LOG_LOCAL4 -
LOG_LOCAL5 -
LOG_LOCAL6 -
LOG_LOCAL7 -
LOG_PID -
LOG_CONS -
LOG_NDELAY -
LOG_ODELAY -
LOG_NOWAIT -
LOG_PERROR - 范例
-
-
- Modules command-line interface (CLI)
-
被取代模块
-
getopt— 命令行选项 C 样式剖析器 -
optparse— 命令行选项剖析器- 背景
- 教程
- 参考指南
-
选项回调
- Defining a callback option
- How callbacks are called
- Raising errors in a callback
- Callback example 1: trivial callback
- Callback example 2: check option order
- Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)
- Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition
- Callback example 5: fixed arguments
- Callback example 6: variable arguments
-
延伸
optparse - 异常
-
- Removed Modules
- 安全注意事项
- 扩展和嵌入 Python 解释器
- Python/C API 参考手册
- 安装 Python 模块
- Python 怎么样
-
Python FAQ (常见问题)
- 一般 Python FAQ
- 编程 FAQ
-
设计和历史 FAQ
- Why does Python use indentation for grouping of statements?
- Why am I getting strange results with simple arithmetic operations?
- Why are floating-point calculations so inaccurate?
- Why are Python strings immutable?
- Why must ‘self’ be used explicitly in method definitions and calls?
- Why can’t I use an assignment in an expression?
- Why does Python use methods for some functionality (e.g. list.index()) but functions for other (e.g. len(list))?
- Why is join() a string method instead of a list or tuple method?
- How fast are exceptions?
- Why isn’t there a switch or case statement in Python?
- Can’t you emulate threads in the interpreter instead of relying on an OS-specific thread implementation?
- Why can’t lambda expressions contain statements?
- Can Python be compiled to machine code, C or some other language?
- How does Python manage memory?
- Why doesn’t CPython use a more traditional garbage collection scheme?
- Why isn’t all memory freed when CPython exits?
- Why are there separate tuple and list data types?
- How are lists implemented in CPython?
- How are dictionaries implemented in CPython?
- Why must dictionary keys be immutable?
- Why doesn’t list.sort() return the sorted list?
- How do you specify and enforce an interface spec in Python?
- Why is there no goto?
- Why can’t raw strings (r-strings) end with a backslash?
- Why doesn’t Python have a “with” statement for attribute assignments?
- Why don’t generators support the with statement?
- Why are colons required for the if/while/def/class statements?
- Why does Python allow commas at the end of lists and tuples?
- 库和扩展 FAQ
-
扩展/嵌入 FAQ
- Can I create my own functions in C?
- Can I create my own functions in C++?
- Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?
- How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C?
- How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?
- How do I extract C values from a Python object?
- How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length?
- How do I call an object’s method from C?
- How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)?
- How do I access a module written in Python from C?
- How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?
- I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why?
- How do I debug an extension?
- I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. Why?
- How do I tell “incomplete input” from “invalid input”?
- How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual?
- Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?
-
Python 在 Windows FAQ
- How do I run a Python program under Windows?
- How do I make Python scripts executable?
- Why does Python sometimes take so long to start?
- How do I make an executable from a Python script?
-
是
*.pyd文件与 DLL 一样吗？ - How can I embed Python into a Windows application?
- How do I keep editors from inserting tabs into my Python source?
- How do I check for a keypress without blocking?
- How do I solve the missing api-ms-win-crt-runtime-l1-1-0.dll error?
- 图形用户接口 FAQ
- FAQ：为什么要在我的计算机中安装 Python？
- 弃用
- 词汇表
- 关于这些文档
- 处理 Bug
- 版权
-
历史和许可
- History of the software
- Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
-
Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
- Mersenne Twister
- 套接字
- Asynchronous socket services
- Cookie management
- Execution tracing
- UUencode and UUdecode functions
- XML Remote Procedure Calls
- test_epoll
- Select kqueue
- SipHash24
- strtod and dtoa
- OpenSSL
- expat
- libffi
- zlib
- cfuhash
- libmpdec
- W3C C14N test suite
- mimalloc
- asyncio
- Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS)